libcpp: Fix up comma diagnostics in preprocessor for C++ [PR120778]

The P2843R3 Preprocessing is never undefined paper contains comments
that various compilers handle comma operators in preprocessor expressions
incorrectly and I think they are right.

In both C and C++ the grammar uses constant-expression non-terminal
for #if/#elif and in both C and C++ that NT is conditional-expression,
so
  #if 1, 2
is IMHO clearly wrong in both languages.

C89 then says for constant-expression
"Constant expressions shall not contain assignment, increment, decrement,
function-call, or comma operators, except when they are contained within the
operand of a sizeof operator."
Because all the remaining identifiers in the #if/#elif expression are
replaced with 0 I think assignments, increment, decrement and function-call
aren't that big deal because (0 = 1) or ++4 etc. are all invalid, but
for comma expressions I think it matters.  In r0-56429 PR456 Joseph has
added !CPP_OPTION (pfile, c99) to handle that correctly.
Then C99 changed that to:
"Constant expressions shall not contain assignment, increment, decrement, function-call,
or comma operators, except when they are contained within a subexpression that is not
evaluated."
That made for C99+
  #if 1 || (1, 2)
etc. valid but
  #if (1, 2)
is still invalid, ditto
  #if 1 ? 1, 2 : 3

In C++ I can't find anything like that though, and as can be seen on say
int a[(1, 2)];
int b[1 ? 1, 2 : 3];
being accepted by C++ and rejected by C while
int c[1, 2];
int d[1 ? 2 : 3, 4];
being rejected in both C and C++, so I think for C++ it is indeed just the
grammar that prevents #if 1, 2.  When it is the second operand of ?: or
inside of () the grammar just uses expression and that allows comma
operator.

So, the following patch uses different decisions for C++ when to diagnose
comma operator in preprocessor expressions, for C++ tracks if it is inside
of () (obviously () around #embed clauses don't count unless one uses
limit ((1, 2)) etc.) or inside of the second ?: operand and allows comma
operator there and disallows elsewhere.

BTW, I wonder if anything in the standard disallows <=> in the preprocessor
expressions.  Say
  #if (0 <=> 1) < 0
etc.
  #include <compare>
  constexpr int a = (0 <=> 1) < 0;
is valid (but not valid without #include <compare>) and the expressions
don't use any identifiers.

2025-07-30  Jakub Jelinek  <jakub@redhat.com>

	PR c++/120778
	* internal.h (struct lexer_state): Add comma_ok member.
	* expr.cc (_cpp_parse_expr): Initialize it to 0, increment on
	CPP_OPEN_PAREN and CPP_QUERY, decrement on CPP_CLOSE_PAREN
	and CPP_COLON.
	(num_binary_op): For C++ pedwarn on comma operator if
	pfile->state.comma_ok is 0 instead of !c99 or skip_eval.

	* g++.dg/cpp/if-comma-1.C: New test.

gcc/testsuite/g++.dg/cpp/if-comma-1.C

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+// PR c++/120778
+// { dg-do preprocess }
+// { dg-options "-pedantic-errors" }
+
+#if (1, 2)
+#define M1 1
+#else
+#error
+#endif
+#if 1 ? 2, 3 : 4
+#define M2 2
+#else
+#error
+#endif
+#if 0 ? 2, 0 : 1
+#define M3 3
+#else
+#error
+#endif
+#if 0 || (1, 2)
+#define M4 4
+#else
+#error
+#endif
+#if 1 || (1, 2)
+#define M5 5
+#else
+#error
+#endif
+#if (1, 2) && 1
+#define M6 6
+#else
+#error
+#endif
+#if 1 && (1, 2)
+#define M7 7
+#else
+#error
+#endif
+#if M1 + M2 + M3 + M4 + M5 + M6 + M7 != 28
+#error
+#endif

libcpp/expr.cc

@@ -1460,6 +1460,7 @@ _cpp_parse_expr (cpp_reader *pfile, const char *dir,
   location_t virtual_location = 0;
 
   pfile->state.skip_eval = 0;
+  pfile->state.comma_ok = 0;
 
   /* Set up detection of #if ! defined().  */
   pfile->mi_ind_cmacro = 0;
@@ -1521,6 +1522,10 @@ _cpp_parse_expr (cpp_reader *pfile, const char *dir,
 	  lex_count--;
 	  continue;
 
+	case CPP_OPEN_PAREN:
+	  pfile->state.comma_ok++;
+	  break;
+
 	default:
 	  if ((int) op.op <= (int) CPP_EQ || (int) op.op >= (int) CPP_PLUS_EQ)
 	    SYNTAX_ERROR2_AT (op.loc,
@@ -1574,13 +1579,16 @@ _cpp_parse_expr (cpp_reader *pfile, const char *dir,
 	case CPP_CLOSE_PAREN:
 	  if (pfile->state.in_directive == 3 && top == pfile->op_stack)
 	    goto embed_done;
+	  pfile->state.comma_ok--;
 	  continue;
 	case CPP_OR_OR:
 	  if (!num_zerop (top->value))
 	    pfile->state.skip_eval++;
 	  break;
-	case CPP_AND_AND:
 	case CPP_QUERY:
+	  pfile->state.comma_ok++;
+	  /* FALLTHRU */
+	case CPP_AND_AND:
 	  if (num_zerop (top->value))
 	    pfile->state.skip_eval++;
 	  break;
@@ -1592,6 +1600,8 @@ _cpp_parse_expr (cpp_reader *pfile, const char *dir,
 	    pfile->state.skip_eval++;
 	  else
 	    pfile->state.skip_eval--;
+	  pfile->state.comma_ok--;
+	  break;
 	default:
 	  break;
 	}
@@ -2209,8 +2219,10 @@ num_binary_op (cpp_reader *pfile, cpp_num lhs, cpp_num rhs, enum cpp_ttype op)
 
       /* Comma.  */
     default: /* case CPP_COMMA: */
-      if (CPP_PEDANTIC (pfile) && (!CPP_OPTION (pfile, c99)
-				   || !pfile->state.skip_eval))
+      if (CPP_PEDANTIC (pfile)
+	  && (CPP_OPTION (pfile, cplusplus)
+	      ? !pfile->state.comma_ok
+	      : (!CPP_OPTION (pfile, c99) || !pfile->state.skip_eval)))
 	cpp_pedwarning (pfile, CPP_W_PEDANTIC,
 			"comma operator in operand of #%s",
 			pfile->state.in_directive == 3

libcpp/internal.h

@@ -282,6 +282,9 @@ struct lexer_state
   /* Nonzero to skip evaluating part of an expression.  */
   unsigned int skip_eval;
 
+  /* Nonzero if CPP_COMMA is valid in expression in C++.  */
+  unsigned int comma_ok;
+
   /* Nonzero when tokenizing a deferred pragma.  */
   unsigned char in_deferred_pragma;