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/* GNU Objective C Runtime class related functions
Copyright (C) 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, 2001, 2002
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Contributed by Kresten Krab Thorup and Dennis Glatting.
Lock-free class table code designed and written from scratch by
Nicola Pero, 2001.
This file is part of GNU CC.
GNU CC is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the
terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any later version.
GNU CC is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS
FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License for more
details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with
GNU CC; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. */
/* As a special exception, if you link this library with files compiled with
GCC to produce an executable, this does not cause the resulting executable
to be covered by the GNU General Public License. This exception does not
however invalidate any other reasons why the executable file might be
covered by the GNU General Public License. */
/*
The code in this file critically affects class method invocation
speed. This long preamble comment explains why, and the issues
involved.
One of the traditional weaknesses of the GNU Objective-C runtime is
that class method invocations are slow. The reason is that when you
write
array = [NSArray new];
this gets basically compiled into the equivalent of
array = [(objc_get_class ("NSArray")) new];
objc_get_class returns the class pointer corresponding to the string
`NSArray'; and because of the lookup, the operation is more
complicated and slow than a simple instance method invocation.
Most high performance Objective-C code (using the GNU Objc runtime)
I had the opportunity to read (or write) work around this problem by
caching the class pointer:
Class arrayClass = [NSArray class];
... later on ...
array = [arrayClass new];
array = [arrayClass new];
array = [arrayClass new];
In this case, you always perform a class lookup (the first one), but
then all the [arrayClass new] methods run exactly as fast as an
instance method invocation. It helps if you have many class method
invocations to the same class.
The long-term solution to this problem would be to modify the
compiler to output tables of class pointers corresponding to all the
class method invocations, and to add code to the runtime to update
these tables - that should in the end allow class method invocations
to perform precisely as fast as instance method invocations, because
no class lookup would be involved. I think the Apple Objective-C
runtime uses this technique. Doing this involves synchronized
modifications in the runtime and in the compiler.
As a first medicine to the problem, I [NP] have redesigned and
rewritten the way the runtime is performing class lookup. This
doesn't give as much speed as the other (definitive) approach, but
at least a class method invocation now takes approximately 4.5 times
an instance method invocation on my machine (it would take approx 12
times before the rewriting), which is a lot better.
One of the main reason the new class lookup is so faster is because
I implemented it in a way that can safely run multithreaded without
using locks - a so-called `lock-free' data structure. The atomic
operation is pointer assignment. The reason why in this problem
lock-free data structures work so well is that you never remove
classes from the table - and the difficult thing with lock-free data
structures is freeing data when is removed from the structures. */
#include "runtime.h" /* the kitchen sink */
#include "sarray.h"
#include <objc/objc.h>
#include <objc/objc-api.h>
#include <objc/thr.h>
/* We use a table which maps a class name to the corresponding class
* pointer. The first part of this file defines this table, and
* functions to do basic operations on the table. The second part of
* the file implements some higher level Objective-C functionality for
* classes by using the functions provided in the first part to manage
* the table. */
/**
** Class Table Internals
**/
/* A node holding a class */
typedef struct class_node
{
struct class_node *next; /* Pointer to next entry on the list.
NULL indicates end of list. */
const char *name; /* The class name string */
int length; /* The class name string length */
Class pointer; /* The Class pointer */
} *class_node_ptr;
/* A table containing classes is a class_node_ptr (pointing to the
first entry in the table - if it is NULL, then the table is
empty). */
/* We have 1024 tables. Each table contains all class names which
have the same hash (which is a number between 0 and 1023). To look
up a class_name, we compute its hash, and get the corresponding
table. Once we have the table, we simply compare strings directly
till we find the one which we want (using the length first). The
number of tables is quite big on purpose (a normal big application
has less than 1000 classes), so that you shouldn't normally get any
collisions, and get away with a single comparison (which we can't
avoid since we need to know that you have got the right thing). */
#define CLASS_TABLE_SIZE 1024
#define CLASS_TABLE_MASK 1023
static class_node_ptr class_table_array[CLASS_TABLE_SIZE];
/* The table writing mutex - we lock on writing to avoid conflicts
between different writers, but we read without locks. That is
possible because we assume pointer assignment to be an atomic
operation. */
static objc_mutex_t __class_table_lock = NULL;
/* CLASS_TABLE_HASH is how we compute the hash of a class name. It is
a macro - *not* a function - arguments *are* modified directly.
INDEX should be a variable holding an int;
HASH should be a variable holding an int;
CLASS_NAME should be a variable holding a (char *) to the class_name.
After the macro is executed, INDEX contains the length of the
string, and HASH the computed hash of the string; CLASS_NAME is
untouched. */
#define CLASS_TABLE_HASH(INDEX, HASH, CLASS_NAME) \
HASH = 0; \
for (INDEX = 0; CLASS_NAME[INDEX] != '\0'; INDEX++) \
{ \
HASH = (HASH << 4) ^ (HASH >> 28) ^ CLASS_NAME[INDEX]; \
} \
\
HASH = (HASH ^ (HASH >> 10) ^ (HASH >> 20)) & CLASS_TABLE_MASK;
/* Setup the table. */
static void
class_table_setup (void)
{
/* Start - nothing in the table. */
memset (class_table_array, 0, sizeof (class_node_ptr) * CLASS_TABLE_SIZE);
/* The table writing mutex. */
__class_table_lock = objc_mutex_allocate ();
}
/* Insert a class in the table (used when a new class is registered). */
static void
class_table_insert (const char *class_name, Class class_pointer)
{
int hash, length;
class_node_ptr new_node;
/* Find out the class name's hash and length. */
CLASS_TABLE_HASH (length, hash, class_name);
/* Prepare the new node holding the class. */
new_node = objc_malloc (sizeof (struct class_node));
new_node->name = class_name;
new_node->length = length;
new_node->pointer = class_pointer;
/* Lock the table for modifications. */
objc_mutex_lock (__class_table_lock);
/* Insert the new node in the table at the beginning of the table at
class_table_array[hash]. */
new_node->next = class_table_array[hash];
class_table_array[hash] = new_node;
objc_mutex_unlock (__class_table_lock);
}
/* Replace a class in the table (used only by poseAs:). */
static void
class_table_replace (Class old_class_pointer, Class new_class_pointer)
{
int hash;
class_node_ptr node;
objc_mutex_lock (__class_table_lock);
hash = 0;
node = class_table_array[hash];
while (hash < CLASS_TABLE_SIZE)
{
if (node == NULL)
{
hash++;
if (hash < CLASS_TABLE_SIZE)
{
node = class_table_array[hash];
}
}
else
{
Class class1 = node->pointer;
if (class1 == old_class_pointer)
{
node->pointer = new_class_pointer;
}
node = node->next;
}
}
objc_mutex_unlock (__class_table_lock);
}
/* Get a class from the table. This does not need mutex protection.
Currently, this function is called each time you call a static
method, this is why it must be very fast. */
static inline Class
class_table_get_safe (const char *class_name)
{
class_node_ptr node;
int length, hash;
/* Compute length and hash. */
CLASS_TABLE_HASH (length, hash, class_name);
node = class_table_array[hash];
if (node != NULL)
{
do
{
if (node->length == length)
{
/* Compare the class names. */
int i;
for (i = 0; i < length; i++)
{
if ((node->name)[i] != class_name[i])
{
break;
}
}
if (i == length)
{
/* They are equal! */
return node->pointer;
}
}
}
while ((node = node->next) != NULL);
}
return Nil;
}
/* Enumerate over the class table. */
struct class_table_enumerator
{
int hash;
class_node_ptr node;
};
static Class
class_table_next (struct class_table_enumerator **e)
{
struct class_table_enumerator *enumerator = *e;
class_node_ptr next;
if (enumerator == NULL)
{
*e = objc_malloc (sizeof (struct class_table_enumerator));
enumerator = *e;
enumerator->hash = 0;
enumerator->node = NULL;
next = class_table_array[enumerator->hash];
}
else
{
next = enumerator->node->next;
}
if (next != NULL)
{
enumerator->node = next;
return enumerator->node->pointer;
}
else
{
enumerator->hash++;
while (enumerator->hash < CLASS_TABLE_SIZE)
{
next = class_table_array[enumerator->hash];
if (next != NULL)
{
enumerator->node = next;
return enumerator->node->pointer;
}
enumerator->hash++;
}
/* Ok - table finished - done. */
objc_free (enumerator);
return Nil;
}
}
#if 0 /* DEBUGGING FUNCTIONS */
/* Debugging function - print the class table. */
void
class_table_print (void)
{
int i;
for (i = 0; i < CLASS_TABLE_SIZE; i++)
{
class_node_ptr node;
printf ("%d:\n", i);
node = class_table_array[i];
while (node != NULL)
{
printf ("\t%s\n", node->name);
node = node->next;
}
}
}
/* Debugging function - print an histogram of number of classes in
function of hash key values. Useful to evaluate the hash function
in real cases. */
void
class_table_print_histogram (void)
{
int i, j;
int counter = 0;
for (i = 0; i < CLASS_TABLE_SIZE; i++)
{
class_node_ptr node;
node = class_table_array[i];
while (node != NULL)
{
counter++;
node = node->next;
}
if (((i + 1) % 50) == 0)
{
printf ("%4d:", i + 1);
for (j = 0; j < counter; j++)
{
printf ("X");
}
printf ("\n");
counter = 0;
}
}
printf ("%4d:", i + 1);
for (j = 0; j < counter; j++)
{
printf ("X");
}
printf ("\n");
}
#endif /* DEBUGGING FUNCTIONS */
/**
** Objective-C runtime functions
**/
/* From now on, the only access to the class table data structure
should be via the class_table_* functions. */
/* This is a hook which is called by objc_get_class and
objc_lookup_class if the runtime is not able to find the class.
This may e.g. try to load in the class using dynamic loading. */
Class (*_objc_lookup_class) (const char *name) = 0; /* !T:SAFE */
/* True when class links has been resolved. */
BOOL __objc_class_links_resolved = NO; /* !T:UNUSED */
void
__objc_init_class_tables (void)
{
/* Allocate the class hash table. */
if (__class_table_lock)
return;
objc_mutex_lock (__objc_runtime_mutex);
class_table_setup ();
objc_mutex_unlock (__objc_runtime_mutex);
}
/* This function adds a class to the class hash table, and assigns the
class a number, unless it's already known. */
void
__objc_add_class_to_hash (Class class)
{
Class h_class;
objc_mutex_lock (__objc_runtime_mutex);
/* Make sure the table is there. */
assert (__class_table_lock);
/* Make sure it's not a meta class. */
assert (CLS_ISCLASS (class));
/* Check to see if the class is already in the hash table. */
h_class = class_table_get_safe (class->name);
if (! h_class)
{
/* The class isn't in the hash table. Add the class and assign a class
number. */
static unsigned int class_number = 1;
CLS_SETNUMBER (class, class_number);
CLS_SETNUMBER (class->class_pointer, class_number);
++class_number;
class_table_insert (class->name, class);
}
objc_mutex_unlock (__objc_runtime_mutex);
}
/* Get the class object for the class named NAME. If NAME does not
identify a known class, the hook _objc_lookup_class is called. If
this fails, nil is returned. */
Class
objc_lookup_class (const char *name)
{
Class class;
class = class_table_get_safe (name);
if (class)
return class;
if (_objc_lookup_class)
return (*_objc_lookup_class) (name);
else
return 0;
}
/* Get the class object for the class named NAME. If NAME does not
identify a known class, the hook _objc_lookup_class is called. If
this fails, an error message is issued and the system aborts. */
Class
objc_get_class (const char *name)
{
Class class;
class = class_table_get_safe (name);
if (class)
return class;
if (_objc_lookup_class)
class = (*_objc_lookup_class) (name);
if (class)
return class;
objc_error (nil, OBJC_ERR_BAD_CLASS,
"objc runtime: cannot find class %s\n", name);
return 0;
}
MetaClass
objc_get_meta_class (const char *name)
{
return objc_get_class (name)->class_pointer;
}
/* This function provides a way to enumerate all the classes in the
executable. Pass *ENUM_STATE == NULL to start the enumeration. The
function will return 0 when there are no more classes.
For example:
id class;
void *es = NULL;
while ((class = objc_next_class (&es)))
... do something with class;
*/
Class
objc_next_class (void **enum_state)
{
Class class;
objc_mutex_lock (__objc_runtime_mutex);
/* Make sure the table is there. */
assert (__class_table_lock);
class = class_table_next ((struct class_table_enumerator **) enum_state);
objc_mutex_unlock (__objc_runtime_mutex);
return class;
}
/* Resolve super/subclass links for all classes. The only thing we
can be sure of is that the class_pointer for class objects point to
the right meta class objects. */
void
__objc_resolve_class_links (void)
{
struct class_table_enumerator *es = NULL;
Class object_class = objc_get_class ("Object");
Class class1;
assert (object_class);
objc_mutex_lock (__objc_runtime_mutex);
/* Assign subclass links. */
while ((class1 = class_table_next (&es)))
{
/* Make sure we have what we think we have. */
assert (CLS_ISCLASS (class1));
assert (CLS_ISMETA (class1->class_pointer));
/* The class_pointer of all meta classes point to Object's meta
class. */
class1->class_pointer->class_pointer = object_class->class_pointer;
if (! CLS_ISRESOLV (class1))
{
CLS_SETRESOLV (class1);
CLS_SETRESOLV (class1->class_pointer);
if (class1->super_class)
{
Class a_super_class
= objc_get_class ((char *) class1->super_class);
assert (a_super_class);
DEBUG_PRINTF ("making class connections for: %s\n",
class1->name);
/* Assign subclass links for superclass. */
class1->sibling_class = a_super_class->subclass_list;
a_super_class->subclass_list = class1;
/* Assign subclass links for meta class of superclass. */
if (a_super_class->class_pointer)
{
class1->class_pointer->sibling_class
= a_super_class->class_pointer->subclass_list;
a_super_class->class_pointer->subclass_list
= class1->class_pointer;
}
}
else /* A root class, make its meta object be a subclass of
Object. */
{
class1->class_pointer->sibling_class
= object_class->subclass_list;
object_class->subclass_list = class1->class_pointer;
}
}
}
/* Assign superclass links. */
es = NULL;
while ((class1 = class_table_next (&es)))
{
Class sub_class;
for (sub_class = class1->subclass_list; sub_class;
sub_class = sub_class->sibling_class)
{
sub_class->super_class = class1;
if (CLS_ISCLASS (sub_class))
sub_class->class_pointer->super_class = class1->class_pointer;
}
}
objc_mutex_unlock (__objc_runtime_mutex);
}
#define CLASSOF(c) ((c)->class_pointer)
Class
class_pose_as (Class impostor, Class super_class)
{
if (! CLS_ISRESOLV (impostor))
__objc_resolve_class_links ();
/* Preconditions */
assert (impostor);
assert (super_class);
assert (impostor->super_class == super_class);
assert (CLS_ISCLASS (impostor));
assert (CLS_ISCLASS (super_class));
assert (impostor->instance_size == super_class->instance_size);
{
Class *subclass = &(super_class->subclass_list);
/* Move subclasses of super_class to impostor. */
while (*subclass)
{
Class nextSub = (*subclass)->sibling_class;
if (*subclass != impostor)
{
Class sub = *subclass;
/* Classes */
sub->sibling_class = impostor->subclass_list;
sub->super_class = impostor;
impostor->subclass_list = sub;
/* It will happen that SUB is not a class object if it is
the top of the meta class hierarchy chain (root
meta-class objects inherit their class object). If
that is the case... don't mess with the meta-meta
class. */
if (CLS_ISCLASS (sub))
{
/* Meta classes */
CLASSOF (sub)->sibling_class =
CLASSOF (impostor)->subclass_list;
CLASSOF (sub)->super_class = CLASSOF (impostor);
CLASSOF (impostor)->subclass_list = CLASSOF (sub);
}
}
*subclass = nextSub;
}
/* Set subclasses of superclass to be impostor only. */
super_class->subclass_list = impostor;
CLASSOF (super_class)->subclass_list = CLASSOF (impostor);
/* Set impostor to have no sibling classes. */
impostor->sibling_class = 0;
CLASSOF (impostor)->sibling_class = 0;
}
/* Check relationship of impostor and super_class is kept. */
assert (impostor->super_class == super_class);
assert (CLASSOF (impostor)->super_class == CLASSOF (super_class));
/* This is how to update the lookup table. Regardless of what the
keys of the hashtable is, change all values that are superclass
into impostor. */
objc_mutex_lock (__objc_runtime_mutex);
class_table_replace (super_class, impostor);
objc_mutex_unlock (__objc_runtime_mutex);
/* Next, we update the dispatch tables... */
__objc_update_dispatch_table_for_class (CLASSOF (impostor));
__objc_update_dispatch_table_for_class (impostor);
return impostor;
}
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