mirror of git://gcc.gnu.org/git/gcc.git
472 lines
16 KiB
XML
472 lines
16 KiB
XML
<section xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
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xml:id="appendix.porting.build_hacking" xreflabel="Build Hacking">
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<?dbhtml filename="build_hacking.html"?>
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<info><title>Configure and Build Hacking</title>
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<keywordset>
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<keyword>C++</keyword>
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<keyword>build</keyword>
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<keyword>configure</keyword>
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<keyword>hacking</keyword>
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<keyword>version</keyword>
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<keyword>dynamic</keyword>
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<keyword>shared</keyword>
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</keywordset>
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</info>
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<section xml:id="build_hacking.prereq"><info><title>Prerequisites</title></info>
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<para>
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As noted <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/prerequisites.html">previously</link>,
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certain other tools are necessary for hacking on files that
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control configure (<code>configure.ac</code>,
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<code>acinclude.m4</code>) and make
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(<code>Makefile.am</code>). These additional tools
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(<code>automake</code>, and <code>autoconf</code>) are further
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described in detail in their respective manuals. All the libraries
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in GCC try to stay in sync with each other in terms of versions of
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the auto-tools used, so please try to play nicely with the
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neighbors.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="build_hacking.overview">
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<info><title>Overview</title></info>
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<section xml:id="build_hacking.overview.basic">
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<info><title>General Process</title></info>
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<para>
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The configure process begins the act of building libstdc++, and is
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started via:
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</para>
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<screen>
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<computeroutput>
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configure
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</computeroutput>
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</screen>
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<para>
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The <filename>configure</filename> file is a script generated (via
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<command>autoconf</command>) from the file
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<filename>configure.ac</filename>.
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</para>
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<para>
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After the configure process is complete,
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</para>
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<screen>
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<computeroutput>
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make all
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</computeroutput>
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</screen>
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<para>
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in the build directory starts the build process. The <literal>all</literal> target comes from the <filename>Makefile</filename> file, which is generated via <command>configure</command> from the <filename>Makefile.in</filename> file, which is in turn generated (via
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<command>automake</command>) from the file
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<filename>Makefile.am</filename>.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="build_hacking.overview.map"><info><title>What Comes from Where</title></info>
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<figure>
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<title>Configure and Build File Dependencies</title>
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<mediaobject>
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<imageobject>
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<imagedata align="center" format="PDF" scale="75" fileref="../images/confdeps.pdf"/>
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</imageobject>
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<imageobject>
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<imagedata align="center" format="PNG" scale="100" fileref="../images/confdeps.png"/>
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</imageobject>
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<textobject>
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<phrase>Dependency Graph for Configure and Build Files</phrase>
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</textobject>
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</mediaobject>
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</figure>
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<para>
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Regenerate all generated files by using the command
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<code>autoreconf</code> at the top level of the libstdc++ source
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directory.
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</para>
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</section>
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</section> <!-- overview -->
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<section xml:id="build_hacking.configure">
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<info><title>Configure</title></info>
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<section xml:id="build_hacking.configure.scripts"><info><title>Storing Information in non-AC files (like configure.host)</title></info>
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<para>
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Until that glorious day when we can use AC_TRY_LINK with a
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cross-compiler, we have to hardcode the results of what the tests
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would have shown if they could be run. So we have an inflexible
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mess like crossconfig.m4.
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</para>
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<para>
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Wouldn't it be nice if we could store that information in files
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like configure.host, which can be modified without needing to
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regenerate anything, and can even be tweaked without really
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knowing how the configury all works? Perhaps break the pieces of
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crossconfig.m4 out and place them in their appropriate
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config/{cpu,os} directory.
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</para>
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<para>
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Alas, writing macros like
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"<code>AC_DEFINE(HAVE_A_NICE_DAY)</code>" can only be done inside
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files which are passed through autoconf. Files which are pure
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shell script can be source'd at configure time. Files which
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contain autoconf macros must be processed with autoconf. We could
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still try breaking the pieces out into "config/*/cross.m4" bits,
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for instance, but then we would need arguments to aclocal/autoconf
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to properly find them all when generating configure. I would
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discourage that.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="build_hacking.configure.conventions"><info><title>Coding and Commenting Conventions</title></info>
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<para>
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Most comments should use {octothorpes, shibboleths, hash marks,
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pound signs, whatever} rather than "dnl". Nearly all comments in
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configure.ac should. Comments inside macros written in ancilliary
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.m4 files should. About the only comments which should
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<emphasis>not</emphasis> use #, but use dnl instead, are comments
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<emphasis>outside</emphasis> our own macros in the ancilliary
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files. The difference is that # comments show up in
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<code>configure</code> (which is most helpful for debugging),
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while dnl'd lines just vanish. Since the macros in ancilliary
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files generate code which appears in odd places, their "outside"
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comments tend to not be useful while reading
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<code>configure</code>.
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</para>
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<para>
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Do not use any <code>$target*</code> variables, such as
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<code>$target_alias</code>. The single exception is in
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configure.ac, for automake+dejagnu's sake.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="build_hacking.configure.acinclude"><info><title>The acinclude.m4 layout</title></info>
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<para>
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The nice thing about acinclude.m4/aclocal.m4 is that macros aren't
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actually performed/called/expanded/whatever here, just loaded. So
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we can arrange the contents however we like. As of this writing,
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acinclude.m4 is arranged as follows:
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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GLIBCXX_CHECK_HOST
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GLIBCXX_TOPREL_CONFIGURE
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GLIBCXX_CONFIGURE
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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All the major variable "discovery" is done here. CXX, multilibs,
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etc.
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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fragments included from elsewhere
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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Right now, "fragments" == "the math/linkage bits".
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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GLIBCXX_CHECK_COMPILER_FEATURES
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GLIBCXX_CHECK_LINKER_FEATURES
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GLIBCXX_CHECK_WCHAR_T_SUPPORT
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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Next come extra compiler/linker feature tests. Wide character
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support was placed here because I couldn't think of another place
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for it. It will probably get broken apart like the math tests,
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because we're still disabling wchars on systems which could actually
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support them.
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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GLIBCXX_CHECK_SETRLIMIT_ancilliary
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GLIBCXX_CHECK_SETRLIMIT
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GLIBCXX_CHECK_S_ISREG_OR_S_IFREG
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GLIBCXX_CHECK_POLL
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GLIBCXX_CHECK_WRITEV
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GLIBCXX_CONFIGURE_TESTSUITE
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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Feature tests which only get used in one place. Here, things used
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only in the testsuite, plus a couple bits used in the guts of I/O.
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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GLIBCXX_EXPORT_INCLUDES
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GLIBCXX_EXPORT_FLAGS
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GLIBCXX_EXPORT_INSTALL_INFO
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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Installation variables, multilibs, working with the rest of the
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compiler. Many of the critical variables used in the makefiles are
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set here.
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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GLIBGCC_ENABLE
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_C99
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CHEADERS
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CLOCALE
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CONCEPT_CHECKS
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CSTDIO
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CXX_FLAGS
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_C_MBCHAR
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_DEBUG
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_DEBUG_FLAGS
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_LONG_LONG
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_PCH
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_SJLJ_EXCEPTIONS
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_SYMVERS
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_THREADS
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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All the features which can be controlled with enable/disable
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configure options. Note how they're alphabetized now? Keep them
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like that. :-)
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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AC_LC_MESSAGES
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libtool bits
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</programlisting>
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<para>
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Things which we don't seem to use directly, but just has to be
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present otherwise stuff magically goes wonky.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="build_hacking.configure.enable"><info><title><constant>GLIBCXX_ENABLE</constant>, the <literal>--enable</literal> maker</title></info>
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<para>
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All the <literal>GLIBCXX_ENABLE_FOO</literal> macros use a common
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helper, <literal>GLIBCXX_ENABLE</literal>. (You don't have to use
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it, but it's easy.) The helper does two things for us:
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</para>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Builds the call to the <literal>AC_ARG_ENABLE</literal> macro, with --help text
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properly quoted and aligned. (Death to changequote!)
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Checks the result against a list of allowed possibilities, and
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signals a fatal error if there's no match. This means that the
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rest of the <literal>GLIBCXX_ENABLE_FOO</literal> macro doesn't need to test for
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strange arguments, nor do we need to protect against
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empty/whitespace strings with the <code>"x$foo" = "xbar"</code>
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idiom.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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<para>Doing these things correctly takes some extra autoconf/autom4te code,
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which made our macros nearly illegible. So all the ugliness is factored
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out into this one helper macro.
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</para>
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<para>Many of the macros take an argument, passed from when they are expanded
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in configure.ac. The argument controls the default value of the
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enable/disable switch. Previously, the arguments themselves had defaults.
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Now they don't, because that's extra complexity with zero gain for us.
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</para>
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<para>There are three "overloaded signatures". When reading the descriptions
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below, keep in mind that the brackets are autoconf's quotation characters,
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and that they will be stripped. Examples of just about everything occur
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in acinclude.m4, if you want to look.
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</para>
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<programlisting>
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE (FEATURE, DEFAULT, HELP-ARG, HELP-STRING)
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE (FEATURE, DEFAULT, HELP-ARG, HELP-STRING, permit a|b|c)
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE (FEATURE, DEFAULT, HELP-ARG, HELP-STRING, SHELL-CODE-HANDLER)
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</programlisting>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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FEATURE is the string that follows --enable. The results of the
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test (such as it is) will be in the variable $enable_FEATURE,
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where FEATURE has been squashed. Example:
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<code>[extra-foo]</code>, controlled by the --enable-extra-foo
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option and stored in $enable_extra_foo.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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DEFAULT is the value to store in $enable_FEATURE if the user does
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not pass --enable/--disable. It should be one of the permitted
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values passed later. Examples: <code>[yes]</code>, or
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<code>[bar]</code>, or <code>[$1]</code> (which passes the
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argument given to the <literal>GLIBCXX_ENABLE_FOO</literal> macro
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as the default).
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</para>
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<para>
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For cases where we need to probe for particular models of things,
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it is useful to have an undocumented "auto" value here (see
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<literal>GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CLOCALE</literal> for an example).
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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HELP-ARG is any text to append to the option string itself in the
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--help output. Examples: <code>[]</code> (i.e., an empty string,
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which appends nothing), <code>[=BAR]</code>, which produces
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<code>--enable-extra-foo=BAR</code>, and
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<code>[@<:@=BAR@:>@]</code>, which produces
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<code>--enable-extra-foo[=BAR]</code>. See the difference? See
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what it implies to the user?
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</para>
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<para>
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If you're wondering what that line noise in the last example was,
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that's how you embed autoconf special characters in output text.
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They're called <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.gnu.org/software/autoconf/manual/autoconf.html#Quadrigraphs"><emphasis>quadrigraphs</emphasis></link>
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and you should use them whenever necessary.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>HELP-STRING is what you think it is. Do not include the
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"default" text like we used to do; it will be done for you by
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE. By convention, these are not full English
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sentences. Example: [turn on extra foo]
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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<para>
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With no other arguments, only the standard autoconf patterns are
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allowed: "<code>--{enable,disable}-foo[={yes,no}]</code>" The
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$enable_FEATURE variable is guaranteed to equal either "yes" or "no"
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after the macro. If the user tries to pass something else, an
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explanatory error message will be given, and configure will halt.
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</para>
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<para>
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The second signature takes a fifth argument, "<code>[permit
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a | b | c | ...]</code>"
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This allows <emphasis>a</emphasis> or <emphasis>b</emphasis> or
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... after the equals sign in the option, and $enable_FEATURE is
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guaranteed to equal one of them after the macro. Note that if you
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want to allow plain --enable/--disable with no "=whatever", you must
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include "yes" and "no" in the list of permitted values. Also note
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that whatever you passed as DEFAULT must be in the list. If the
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user tries to pass something not on the list, a semi-explanatory
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error message will be given, and configure will halt. Example:
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<code>[permit generic|gnu|ieee_1003.1-2001|yes|no|auto]</code>
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</para>
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<para>
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The third signature takes a fifth argument. It is arbitrary shell
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code to execute if the user actually passes the enable/disable
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option. (If the user does not, the default is used. Duh.) No
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argument checking at all is done in this signature. See
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GLIBCXX_ENABLE_CXX_FLAGS for an example of handling, and an error
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message.
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</para>
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</section>
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</section> <!-- configure -->
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<section xml:id="build_hacking.make"><info><title>Make</title></info>
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<para>
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The build process has to make all of object files needed for
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static or shared libraries, but first it has to generate some
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include files. The general order is as follows:
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</para>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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make include files, make pre-compiled headers
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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make libsupc++
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</para>
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<para>
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Generates a libtool convenience library,
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<filename>libsupc++convenience</filename> with language-support
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routines. Also generates a freestanding static library,
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<filename>libsupc++.a</filename>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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make src
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</para>
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<para>
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Generates two convenience libraries, one for C++98 and one for
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C++11, various compability files for shared and static
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libraries, and then collects all the generated bits and creates
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the final libstdc++ libraries.
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</para>
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<orderedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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make src/c++98
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</para>
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<para>
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Generates a libtool convenience library,
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<filename>libc++98convenience</filename> with language-support
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routines. Uses the <literal>-std=gnu++98</literal> dialect.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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make src/c++11
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</para>
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<para>
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Generates a libtool convenience library,
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<filename>libc++11convenience</filename> with language-support
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routines. Uses the <literal>-std=gnu++11</literal> dialect.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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make src
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</para>
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<para>
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Generates needed compatibility objects for shared and static
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libraries. Shared-only code is seggregated at compile-time via
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the macro <literal>_GLIBCXX_SHARED</literal>.
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</para>
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<para>
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Then, collects all the generated convenience libraries, adds in
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any required compatibility objects, and creates the final shared
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and static libraries: <filename>libstdc++.so</filename> and
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<filename>libstdc++.a</filename>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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</listitem>
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</orderedlist>
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</section> <!-- make -->
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</section>
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