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| <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
 | ||
| <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Coding Style</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A.  Contributing" /><link rel="prev" href="source_organization.html" title="Directory Layout and Source Conventions" /><link rel="next" href="source_design_notes.html" title="Design Notes" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Coding Style</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="source_organization.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix A. 
 | ||
|   Contributing
 | ||
|   
 | ||
| </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_design_notes.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.coding_style"></a>Coding Style</h2></div></div></div><p>
 | ||
|   </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="coding_style.bad_identifiers"></a>Bad Identifiers</h3></div></div></div><p>
 | ||
|       Identifiers that conflict and should be avoided.
 | ||
|     </p><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
 | ||
|       This is the list of names <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">reserved to the<br />
 | ||
|       implementation</span>”</span> that have been claimed by certain<br />
 | ||
|       compilers and system headers of interest, and should not be used<br />
 | ||
|       in the library. It will grow, of course.  We generally are<br />
 | ||
|       interested in names that are not all-caps, except for those like<br />
 | ||
|       "_T"<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       For Solaris:<br />
 | ||
|       _B<br />
 | ||
|       _C<br />
 | ||
|       _L<br />
 | ||
|       _N<br />
 | ||
|       _P<br />
 | ||
|       _S<br />
 | ||
|       _U<br />
 | ||
|       _X<br />
 | ||
|       _E1<br />
 | ||
|       ..<br />
 | ||
|       _E24<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Irix adds:<br />
 | ||
|       _A<br />
 | ||
|       _G<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       MS adds:<br />
 | ||
|       _T<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       BSD adds:<br />
 | ||
|       __used<br />
 | ||
|       __unused<br />
 | ||
|       __inline<br />
 | ||
|       _Complex<br />
 | ||
|       __istype<br />
 | ||
|       __maskrune<br />
 | ||
|       __tolower<br />
 | ||
|       __toupper<br />
 | ||
|       __wchar_t<br />
 | ||
|       __wint_t<br />
 | ||
|       _res<br />
 | ||
|       _res_ext<br />
 | ||
|       __tg_*<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       SPU adds:<br />
 | ||
|       __ea<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       For GCC:<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       [Note that this list is out of date. It applies to the old<br />
 | ||
|       name-mangling; in G++ 3.0 and higher a different name-mangling is<br />
 | ||
|       used. In addition, many of the bugs relating to G++ interpreting<br />
 | ||
|       these names as operators have been fixed.]<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       The full set of __* identifiers (combined from gcc/cp/lex.c and<br />
 | ||
|       gcc/cplus-dem.c) that are either old or new, but are definitely<br />
 | ||
|       recognized by the demangler, is:<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       __aa<br />
 | ||
|       __aad<br />
 | ||
|       __ad<br />
 | ||
|       __addr<br />
 | ||
|       __adv<br />
 | ||
|       __aer<br />
 | ||
|       __als<br />
 | ||
|       __alshift<br />
 | ||
|       __amd<br />
 | ||
|       __ami<br />
 | ||
|       __aml<br />
 | ||
|       __amu<br />
 | ||
|       __aor<br />
 | ||
|       __apl<br />
 | ||
|       __array<br />
 | ||
|       __ars<br />
 | ||
|       __arshift<br />
 | ||
|       __as<br />
 | ||
|       __bit_and<br />
 | ||
|       __bit_ior<br />
 | ||
|       __bit_not<br />
 | ||
|       __bit_xor<br />
 | ||
|       __call<br />
 | ||
|       __cl<br />
 | ||
|       __cm<br />
 | ||
|       __cn<br />
 | ||
|       __co<br />
 | ||
|       __component<br />
 | ||
|       __compound<br />
 | ||
|       __cond<br />
 | ||
|       __convert<br />
 | ||
|       __delete<br />
 | ||
|       __dl<br />
 | ||
|       __dv<br />
 | ||
|       __eq<br />
 | ||
|       __er<br />
 | ||
|       __ge<br />
 | ||
|       __gt<br />
 | ||
|       __indirect<br />
 | ||
|       __le<br />
 | ||
|       __ls<br />
 | ||
|       __lt<br />
 | ||
|       __max<br />
 | ||
|       __md<br />
 | ||
|       __method_call<br />
 | ||
|       __mi<br />
 | ||
|       __min<br />
 | ||
|       __minus<br />
 | ||
|       __ml<br />
 | ||
|       __mm<br />
 | ||
|       __mn<br />
 | ||
|       __mult<br />
 | ||
|       __mx<br />
 | ||
|       __ne<br />
 | ||
|       __negate<br />
 | ||
|       __new<br />
 | ||
|       __nop<br />
 | ||
|       __nt<br />
 | ||
|       __nw<br />
 | ||
|       __oo<br />
 | ||
|       __op<br />
 | ||
|       __or<br />
 | ||
|       __pl<br />
 | ||
|       __plus<br />
 | ||
|       __postdecrement<br />
 | ||
|       __postincrement<br />
 | ||
|       __pp<br />
 | ||
|       __pt<br />
 | ||
|       __rf<br />
 | ||
|       __rm<br />
 | ||
|       __rs<br />
 | ||
|       __sz<br />
 | ||
|       __trunc_div<br />
 | ||
|       __trunc_mod<br />
 | ||
|       __truth_andif<br />
 | ||
|       __truth_not<br />
 | ||
|       __truth_orif<br />
 | ||
|       __vc<br />
 | ||
|       __vd<br />
 | ||
|       __vn<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       SGI badnames:<br />
 | ||
|       __builtin_alloca<br />
 | ||
|       __builtin_fsqrt<br />
 | ||
|       __builtin_sqrt<br />
 | ||
|       __builtin_fabs<br />
 | ||
|       __builtin_dabs<br />
 | ||
|       __builtin_cast_f2i<br />
 | ||
|       __builtin_cast_i2f<br />
 | ||
|       __builtin_cast_d2ll<br />
 | ||
|       __builtin_cast_ll2d<br />
 | ||
|       __builtin_copy_dhi2i<br />
 | ||
|       __builtin_copy_i2dhi<br />
 | ||
|       __builtin_copy_dlo2i<br />
 | ||
|       __builtin_copy_i2dlo<br />
 | ||
|       __add_and_fetch<br />
 | ||
|       __sub_and_fetch<br />
 | ||
|       __or_and_fetch<br />
 | ||
|       __xor_and_fetch<br />
 | ||
|       __and_and_fetch<br />
 | ||
|       __nand_and_fetch<br />
 | ||
|       __mpy_and_fetch<br />
 | ||
|       __min_and_fetch<br />
 | ||
|       __max_and_fetch<br />
 | ||
|       __fetch_and_add<br />
 | ||
|       __fetch_and_sub<br />
 | ||
|       __fetch_and_or<br />
 | ||
|       __fetch_and_xor<br />
 | ||
|       __fetch_and_and<br />
 | ||
|       __fetch_and_nand<br />
 | ||
|       __fetch_and_mpy<br />
 | ||
|       __fetch_and_min<br />
 | ||
|       __fetch_and_max<br />
 | ||
|       __lock_test_and_set<br />
 | ||
|       __lock_release<br />
 | ||
|       __lock_acquire<br />
 | ||
|       __compare_and_swap<br />
 | ||
|       __synchronize<br />
 | ||
|       __high_multiply<br />
 | ||
|       __unix<br />
 | ||
|       __sgi<br />
 | ||
|       __linux__<br />
 | ||
|       __i386__<br />
 | ||
|       __i486__<br />
 | ||
|       __cplusplus<br />
 | ||
|       __embedded_cplusplus<br />
 | ||
|       // long double conversion members mangled as __opr<br />
 | ||
|       // http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/1999-q4/msg00060.html<br />
 | ||
|       __opr<br />
 | ||
|     </p></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="coding_style.example"></a>By Example</h3></div></div></div><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
 | ||
|       This library is written to appropriate C++ coding standards. As such,<br />
 | ||
|       it is intended to precede the recommendations of the GNU Coding<br />
 | ||
|       Standard, which can be referenced in full here:<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       <a class="link" href="http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/standards.html#Formatting" target="_top">http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/standards.html#Formatting</a><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       The rest of this is also interesting reading, but skip the "Design<br />
 | ||
|       Advice" part.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       The GCC coding conventions are here, and are also useful:<br />
 | ||
|       <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/codingconventions.html" target="_top">http://gcc.gnu.org/codingconventions.html</a><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       In addition, because it doesn't seem to be stated explicitly anywhere<br />
 | ||
|       else, there is an 80 column source limit.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       <code class="filename">ChangeLog</code> entries for member functions should use the<br />
 | ||
|       classname::member function name syntax as follows:<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
| <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
| 1999-04-15  Dennis Ritchie  <dr@att.com><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       * src/basic_file.cc (__basic_file::open): Fix thinko in<br />
 | ||
|       _G_HAVE_IO_FILE_OPEN bits.<br />
 | ||
| </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Notable areas of divergence from what may be previous local practice<br />
 | ||
|       (particularly for GNU C) include:<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       01. Pointers and references<br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
|         char* p = "flop";<br />
 | ||
|         char& c = *p;<br />
 | ||
|           -NOT-<br />
 | ||
|         char *p = "flop";  // wrong<br />
 | ||
|         char &c = *p;      // wrong<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Reason: In C++, definitions are mixed with executable code. Here,<br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code">p</code> is being initialized, not <code class="code">*p</code>.  This is near-universal<br />
 | ||
|       practice among C++ programmers; it is normal for C hackers<br />
 | ||
|       to switch spontaneously as they gain experience.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       02. Operator names and parentheses<br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
|         operator==(type)<br />
 | ||
|           -NOT-<br />
 | ||
|         operator == (type)  // wrong<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Reason: The <code class="code">==</code> is part of the function name. Separating<br />
 | ||
|       it makes the declaration look like an expression.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       03. Function names and parentheses<br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
|         void mangle()<br />
 | ||
|           -NOT-<br />
 | ||
|         void mangle ()  // wrong<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Reason: no space before parentheses (except after a control-flow<br />
 | ||
|       keyword) is near-universal practice for C++. It identifies the<br />
 | ||
|       parentheses as the function-call operator or declarator, as<br />
 | ||
|       opposed to an expression or other overloaded use of parentheses.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       04. Template function indentation<br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
|         template<typename T><br />
 | ||
|           void<br />
 | ||
|           template_function(args)<br />
 | ||
|           { }<br />
 | ||
|           -NOT-<br />
 | ||
|         template<class T><br />
 | ||
|         void template_function(args) {};<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Reason: In class definitions, without indentation whitespace is<br />
 | ||
|       needed both above and below the declaration to distinguish<br />
 | ||
|       it visually from other members. (Also, re: "typename"<br />
 | ||
|       rather than "class".)  <code class="code">T</code> often could be <code class="code">int</code>, which is<br />
 | ||
|       not a class. ("class", here, is an anachronism.)<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       05. Template class indentation<br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
|         template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits><br />
 | ||
|           class basic_ios : public ios_base<br />
 | ||
|           {<br />
 | ||
|           public:<br />
 | ||
|             // Types:<br />
 | ||
|           };<br />
 | ||
|           -NOT-<br />
 | ||
|         template<class _CharT, class _Traits><br />
 | ||
|         class basic_ios : public ios_base<br />
 | ||
|           {<br />
 | ||
|           public:<br />
 | ||
|             // Types:<br />
 | ||
|           };<br />
 | ||
|           -NOT-<br />
 | ||
|         template<class _CharT, class _Traits><br />
 | ||
|           class basic_ios : public ios_base<br />
 | ||
|         {<br />
 | ||
|           public:<br />
 | ||
|             // Types:<br />
 | ||
|         };<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       06. Enumerators<br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
|         enum<br />
 | ||
|         {<br />
 | ||
|           space = _ISspace,<br />
 | ||
|           print = _ISprint,<br />
 | ||
|           cntrl = _IScntrl<br />
 | ||
|         };<br />
 | ||
|           -NOT-<br />
 | ||
|         enum { space = _ISspace, print = _ISprint, cntrl = _IScntrl };<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       07. Member initialization lists<br />
 | ||
|       All one line, separate from class name.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
|         gribble::gribble()<br />
 | ||
|         : _M_private_data(0), _M_more_stuff(0), _M_helper(0)<br />
 | ||
|         { }<br />
 | ||
|           -NOT-<br />
 | ||
|         gribble::gribble() : _M_private_data(0), _M_more_stuff(0), _M_helper(0)<br />
 | ||
|         { }<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       08. Try/Catch blocks<br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
|         try<br />
 | ||
|           {<br />
 | ||
|             //<br />
 | ||
|           }<br />
 | ||
|         catch (...)<br />
 | ||
|           {<br />
 | ||
|             //<br />
 | ||
|           }<br />
 | ||
|           -NOT-<br />
 | ||
|         try {<br />
 | ||
|           //<br />
 | ||
|         } catch(...) {<br />
 | ||
|           //<br />
 | ||
|         }<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       09. Member functions declarations and definitions<br />
 | ||
|       Keywords such as extern, static, export, explicit, inline, etc<br />
 | ||
|       go on the line above the function name. Thus<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
|       virtual int<br />
 | ||
|       foo()<br />
 | ||
|       -NOT-<br />
 | ||
|       virtual int foo()<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Reason: GNU coding conventions dictate return types for functions<br />
 | ||
|       are on a separate line than the function name and parameter list<br />
 | ||
|       for definitions. For C++, where we have member functions that can<br />
 | ||
|       be either inline definitions or declarations, keeping to this<br />
 | ||
|       standard allows all member function names for a given class to be<br />
 | ||
|       aligned to the same margin, increasing readability.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       10. Invocation of member functions with "this->"<br />
 | ||
|       For non-uglified names, use <code class="code">this->name</code> to call the function.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
|       this->sync()<br />
 | ||
|       -NOT-<br />
 | ||
|       sync()<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Reason: Koenig lookup.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       11. Namespaces<br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
|       namespace std<br />
 | ||
|       {<br />
 | ||
|         blah blah blah;<br />
 | ||
|       } // namespace std<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       -NOT-<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       namespace std {<br />
 | ||
|         blah blah blah;<br />
 | ||
|       } // namespace std<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       12. Spacing under protected and private in class declarations:<br />
 | ||
|       space above, none below<br />
 | ||
|       i.e.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
|       public:<br />
 | ||
|         int foo;<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       -NOT-<br />
 | ||
|       public:<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|         int foo;<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       13. Spacing WRT return statements.<br />
 | ||
|       no extra spacing before returns, no parenthesis<br />
 | ||
|       i.e.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
|       }<br />
 | ||
|       return __ret;<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       -NOT-<br />
 | ||
|       }<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       return __ret;<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       -NOT-<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       }<br />
 | ||
|       return (__ret);<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       14. Location of global variables.<br />
 | ||
|       All global variables of class type, whether in the "user visible"<br />
 | ||
|       space (e.g., <code class="code">cin</code>) or the implementation namespace, must be defined<br />
 | ||
|       as a character array with the appropriate alignment and then later<br />
 | ||
|       re-initialized to the correct value.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       This is due to startup issues on certain platforms, such as AIX.<br />
 | ||
|       For more explanation and examples, see <code class="filename">src/globals.cc</code>. All such<br />
 | ||
|       variables should be contained in that file, for simplicity.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       15. Exception abstractions<br />
 | ||
|       Use the exception abstractions found in <code class="filename">functexcept.h</code>, which allow<br />
 | ||
|       C++ programmers to use this library with <code class="literal">-fno-exceptions</code>.  (Even if<br />
 | ||
|       that is rarely advisable, it's a necessary evil for backwards<br />
 | ||
|       compatibility.)<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       16. Exception error messages<br />
 | ||
|       All start with the name of the function where the exception is<br />
 | ||
|       thrown, and then (optional) descriptive text is added. Example:<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
|       __throw_logic_error(__N("basic_string::_S_construct NULL not valid"));<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Reason: The verbose terminate handler prints out <code class="code">exception::what()</code>,<br />
 | ||
|       as well as the typeinfo for the thrown exception. As this is the<br />
 | ||
|       default terminate handler, by putting location info into the<br />
 | ||
|       exception string, a very useful error message is printed out for<br />
 | ||
|       uncaught exceptions. So useful, in fact, that non-programmers can<br />
 | ||
|       give useful error messages, and programmers can intelligently<br />
 | ||
|       speculate what went wrong without even using a debugger.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       17. The doxygen style guide to comments is a separate document,<br />
 | ||
|       see index.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       The library currently has a mixture of GNU-C and modern C++ coding<br />
 | ||
|       styles. The GNU C usages will be combed out gradually.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Name patterns:<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       For nonstandard names appearing in Standard headers, we are constrained<br />
 | ||
|       to use names that begin with underscores. This is called "uglification".<br />
 | ||
|       The convention is:<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Local and argument names:  <code class="literal">__[a-z].*</code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Examples:  <code class="code">__count  __ix  __s1</code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Type names and template formal-argument names: <code class="literal">_[A-Z][^_].*</code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Examples:  <code class="code">_Helper  _CharT  _N</code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Member data and function names: <code class="literal">_M_.*</code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Examples:  <code class="code">_M_num_elements  _M_initialize ()</code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Static data members, constants, and enumerations: <code class="literal">_S_.*</code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Examples: <code class="code">_S_max_elements  _S_default_value</code><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Don't use names in the same scope that differ only in the prefix,<br />
 | ||
|       e.g. _S_top and _M_top. See <a class="link" href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.bad_identifiers" title="Bad Identifiers">BADNAMES</a> for a list of forbidden names.<br />
 | ||
|       (The most tempting of these seem to be and "_T" and "__sz".)<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       Names must never have "__" internally; it would confuse name<br />
 | ||
|       unmanglers on some targets. Also, never use "__[0-9]", same reason.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       --------------------------<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       [BY EXAMPLE]<br />
 | ||
|       <code class="code"><br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       #ifndef  _HEADER_<br />
 | ||
|       #define  _HEADER_ 1<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       namespace std<br />
 | ||
|       {<br />
 | ||
|         class gribble<br />
 | ||
|         {<br />
 | ||
|         public:<br />
 | ||
|           gribble() throw();<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|           gribble(const gribble&);<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|           explicit<br />
 | ||
|           gribble(int __howmany);<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|           gribble&<br />
 | ||
|           operator=(const gribble&);<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|           virtual<br />
 | ||
|           ~gribble() throw ();<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|           // Start with a capital letter, end with a period.<br />
 | ||
|           inline void<br />
 | ||
|           public_member(const char* __arg) const;<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|           // In-class function definitions should be restricted to one-liners.<br />
 | ||
|           int<br />
 | ||
|           one_line() { return 0 }<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|           int<br />
 | ||
|           two_lines(const char* arg)<br />
 | ||
|           { return strchr(arg, 'a'); }<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|           inline int<br />
 | ||
|           three_lines();  // inline, but defined below.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|           // Note indentation.<br />
 | ||
|           template<typename _Formal_argument><br />
 | ||
|             void<br />
 | ||
|             public_template() const throw();<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|           template<typename _Iterator><br />
 | ||
|             void<br />
 | ||
|             other_template();<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|         private:<br />
 | ||
|           class _Helper;<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|           int _M_private_data;<br />
 | ||
|           int _M_more_stuff;<br />
 | ||
|           _Helper* _M_helper;<br />
 | ||
|           int _M_private_function();<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|           enum _Enum<br />
 | ||
|             {<br />
 | ||
|               _S_one,<br />
 | ||
|               _S_two<br />
 | ||
|             };<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|           static void<br />
 | ||
|           _S_initialize_library();<br />
 | ||
|         };<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|         // More-or-less-standard language features described by lack, not presence.<br />
 | ||
|       # ifndef _G_NO_LONGLONG<br />
 | ||
|         extern long long _G_global_with_a_good_long_name;  // avoid globals!<br />
 | ||
|       # endif<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|         // Avoid in-class inline definitions, define separately;<br />
 | ||
|         // likewise for member class definitions:<br />
 | ||
|         inline int<br />
 | ||
|         gribble::public_member() const<br />
 | ||
|         { int __local = 0; return __local; }<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|         class gribble::_Helper<br />
 | ||
|         {<br />
 | ||
|           int _M_stuff;<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|           friend class gribble;<br />
 | ||
|         };<br />
 | ||
|       }<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       // Names beginning with "__": only for arguments and<br />
 | ||
|       //   local variables; never use "__" in a type name, or<br />
 | ||
|       //   within any name; never use "__[0-9]".<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       #endif /* _HEADER_ */<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|       namespace std<br />
 | ||
|       {<br />
 | ||
|         template<typename T>  // notice: "typename", not "class", no space<br />
 | ||
|           long_return_value_type<with_many, args><br />
 | ||
|           function_name(char* pointer,               // "char *pointer" is wrong.<br />
 | ||
|                         char* argument,<br />
 | ||
|                         const Reference& ref)<br />
 | ||
|           {<br />
 | ||
|             // int a_local;  /* wrong; see below. */<br />
 | ||
|             if (test)<br />
 | ||
|             {<br />
 | ||
|               nested code<br />
 | ||
|             }<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|             int a_local = 0;  // declare variable at first use.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|             //  char a, b, *p;   /* wrong */<br />
 | ||
|             char a = 'a';<br />
 | ||
|             char b = a + 1;<br />
 | ||
|             char* c = "abc";  // each variable goes on its own line, always.<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|             // except maybe here...<br />
 | ||
|             for (unsigned i = 0, mask = 1; mask; ++i, mask <<= 1) {<br />
 | ||
|               // ...<br />
 | ||
|             }<br />
 | ||
|           }<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|         gribble::gribble()<br />
 | ||
|         : _M_private_data(0), _M_more_stuff(0), _M_helper(0)<br />
 | ||
|         { }<br />
 | ||
| <br />
 | ||
|         int<br />
 | ||
|         gribble::three_lines()<br />
 | ||
|         {<br />
 | ||
|           // doesn't fit in one line.<br />
 | ||
|         }<br />
 | ||
|       } // namespace std<br />
 | ||
|       </code><br />
 | ||
|     </p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="source_organization.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendix_contributing.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_design_notes.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Directory Layout and Source Conventions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Design Notes</td></tr></table></div></body></html> |