mirror of git://gcc.gnu.org/git/gcc.git
1805 lines
68 KiB
XML
1805 lines
68 KiB
XML
<appendix xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" version="5.0"
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xml:id="appendix.contrib" xreflabel="Contributing">
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<?dbhtml filename="appendix_contributing.html"?>
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<info><title>
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Contributing
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<indexterm>
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<primary>Appendix</primary>
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<secondary>Contributing</secondary>
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</indexterm>
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</title>
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<keywordset>
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<keyword>
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ISO C++
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</keyword>
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<keyword>
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library
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</keyword>
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</keywordset>
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</info>
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<para>
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The GNU C++ Library follows an open development model. Active
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contributors are assigned maintainer-ship responsibility, and given
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write access to the source repository. First time contributors
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should follow this procedure:
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</para>
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<section xml:id="contrib.list" xreflabel="Contributor Checklist"><info><title>Contributor Checklist</title></info>
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<section xml:id="list.reading"><info><title>Reading</title></info>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Get and read the relevant sections of the C++ language
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specification. Copies of the full ISO 14882 standard are
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available on line via the ISO mirror site for committee
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members. Non-members, or those who have not paid for the
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privilege of sitting on the committee and sustained their
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two meeting commitment for voting rights, may get a copy of
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the standard from their respective national standards
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organization. In the USA, this national standards
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organization is
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<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.ansi.org">ANSI</link>.
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(And if you've already registered with them you can
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<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=INCITS%2fISO%2fIEC+14882-2003">buy the standard on-line</link>.)
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The library working group bugs, and known defects, can
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be obtained here:
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<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21</link>
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The newsgroup dedicated to standardization issues is
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comp.std.c++: the
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<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.comeaucomputing.com/csc/faq.html">FAQ</link>
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for this group is quite useful.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Peruse
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the <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards">GNU
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Coding Standards</link>, and chuckle when you hit the part
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about <quote>Using Languages Other Than C</quote>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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Be familiar with the extensions that preceded these
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general GNU rules. These style issues for libstdc++ can be
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found in <link linkend="contrib.coding_style">Coding Style</link>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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And last but certainly not least, read the
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library-specific information found in
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<link linkend="appendix.porting">Porting and Maintenance</link>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="list.copyright"><info><title>Assignment</title></info>
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<para>
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Small changes can be accepted without a copyright assignment form on
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file. New code and additions to the library need completed copyright
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assignment form on file at the FSF. Note: your employer may be required
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to fill out appropriate disclaimer forms as well.
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</para>
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<para>
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Historically, the libstdc++ assignment form added the following
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question:
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</para>
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<para>
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<quote>
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Which Belgian comic book character is better, Tintin or Asterix, and
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why?
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</quote>
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</para>
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<para>
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While not strictly necessary, humoring the maintainers and answering
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this question would be appreciated.
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</para>
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<para>
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For more information about getting a copyright assignment, please see
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<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.gnu.org/prep/maintain/html_node/Legal-Matters.html">Legal
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Matters</link>.
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</para>
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<para>
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Please contact Benjamin Kosnik at
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<email>bkoz+assign@redhat.com</email> if you are confused
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about the assignment or have general licensing questions. When
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requesting an assignment form from
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<email>mailto:assign@gnu.org</email>, please cc the libstdc++
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maintainer above so that progress can be monitored.
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</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="list.getting"><info><title>Getting Sources</title></info>
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<para>
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<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://gcc.gnu.org/svnwrite.html">Getting write access
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(look for "Write after approval")</link>
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</para>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="list.patches"><info><title>Submitting Patches</title></info>
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<para>
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Every patch must have several pieces of information before it can be
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properly evaluated. Ideally (and to ensure the fastest possible
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response from the maintainers) it would have all of these pieces:
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</para>
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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A description of the bug and how your patch fixes this
|
|
bug. For new features a description of the feature and your
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implementation.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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A ChangeLog entry as plain text; see the various
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ChangeLog files for format and content. If you are
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using emacs as your editor, simply position the insertion
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point at the beginning of your change and hit CX-4a to bring
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up the appropriate ChangeLog entry. See--magic! Similar
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functionality also exists for vi.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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A testsuite submission or sample program that will
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easily and simply show the existing error or test new
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functionality.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The patch itself. If you are accessing the SVN
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repository use <command>svn update; svn diff NEW</command>;
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else, use <command>diff -cp OLD NEW</command> ... If your
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version of diff does not support these options, then get the
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latest version of GNU
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diff. The <link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/SvnTricks">SVN
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Tricks</link> wiki page has information on customising the
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output of <code>svn diff</code>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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When you have all these pieces, bundle them up in a
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mail message and send it to libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org. All
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patches and related discussion should be sent to the
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libstdc++ mailing list.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</section>
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</section>
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<section xml:id="contrib.organization" xreflabel="Source Organization"><info><title>Directory Layout and Source Conventions</title></info>
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<?dbhtml filename="source_organization.html"?>
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|
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<para>
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The unpacked source directory of libstdc++ contains the files
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needed to create the GNU C++ Library.
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</para>
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<literallayout class="normal">
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It has subdirectories:
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doc
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Files in HTML and text format that document usage, quirks of the
|
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implementation, and contributor checklists.
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include
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All header files for the C++ library are within this directory,
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modulo specific runtime-related files that are in the libsupc++
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directory.
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include/std
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Files meant to be found by #include <name> directives in
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standard-conforming user programs.
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include/c
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Headers intended to directly include standard C headers.
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[NB: this can be enabled via --enable-cheaders=c]
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include/c_global
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Headers intended to include standard C headers in
|
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the global namespace, and put select names into the std::
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namespace. [NB: this is the default, and is the same as
|
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--enable-cheaders=c_global]
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include/c_std
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Headers intended to include standard C headers
|
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already in namespace std, and put select names into the std::
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namespace. [NB: this is the same as --enable-cheaders=c_std]
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include/bits
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Files included by standard headers and by other files in
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the bits directory.
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include/backward
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Headers provided for backward compatibility, such as <iostream.h>.
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They are not used in this library.
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include/ext
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Headers that define extensions to the standard library. No
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standard header refers to any of them.
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scripts
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Scripts that are used during the configure, build, make, or test
|
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process.
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src
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Files that are used in constructing the library, but are not
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installed.
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testsuites/[backward, demangle, ext, performance, thread, 17_* to 30_*]
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Test programs are here, and may be used to begin to exercise the
|
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library. Support for "make check" and "make check-install" is
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complete, and runs through all the subdirectories here when this
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command is issued from the build directory. Please note that
|
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"make check" requires DejaGNU 1.4 or later to be installed. Please
|
|
note that "make check-script" calls the script mkcheck, which
|
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requires bash, and which may need the paths to bash adjusted to
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work properly, as /bin/bash is assumed.
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|
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Other subdirectories contain variant versions of certain files
|
|
that are meant to be copied or linked by the configure script.
|
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Currently these are:
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config/abi
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config/cpu
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config/io
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config/locale
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config/os
|
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In addition, a subdirectory holds the convenience library libsupc++.
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libsupc++
|
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Contains the runtime library for C++, including exception
|
|
handling and memory allocation and deallocation, RTTI, terminate
|
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handlers, etc.
|
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Note that glibc also has a bits/ subdirectory. We will either
|
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need to be careful not to collide with names in its bits/
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directory; or rename bits to (e.g.) cppbits/.
|
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|
|
In files throughout the system, lines marked with an "XXX" indicate
|
|
a bug or incompletely-implemented feature. Lines marked "XXX MT"
|
|
indicate a place that may require attention for multi-thread safety.
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</literallayout>
|
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|
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</section>
|
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<section xml:id="contrib.coding_style" xreflabel="Coding Style"><info><title>Coding Style</title></info>
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<?dbhtml filename="source_code_style.html"?>
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<para>
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</para>
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<section xml:id="coding_style.bad_identifiers"><info><title>Bad Identifiers</title></info>
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|
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<para>
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Identifiers that conflict and should be avoided.
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</para>
|
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|
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<literallayout class="normal">
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This is the list of names <quote>reserved to the
|
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implementation</quote> that have been claimed by certain
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compilers and system headers of interest, and should not be used
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in the library. It will grow, of course. We generally are
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interested in names that are not all-caps, except for those like
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"_T"
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For Solaris:
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_B
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_C
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_L
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_N
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_P
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_S
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_U
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_X
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_E1
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..
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_E24
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Irix adds:
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_A
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_G
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MS adds:
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_T
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BSD adds:
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__used
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__unused
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__inline
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_Complex
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__istype
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__maskrune
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__tolower
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__toupper
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__wchar_t
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__wint_t
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_res
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_res_ext
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__tg_*
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SPU adds:
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__ea
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For GCC:
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[Note that this list is out of date. It applies to the old
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name-mangling; in G++ 3.0 and higher a different name-mangling is
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used. In addition, many of the bugs relating to G++ interpreting
|
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these names as operators have been fixed.]
|
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The full set of __* identifiers (combined from gcc/cp/lex.c and
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gcc/cplus-dem.c) that are either old or new, but are definitely
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recognized by the demangler, is:
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__aa
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__aad
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__ad
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__addr
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__adv
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__aer
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__als
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__alshift
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__amd
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__ami
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__aml
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__amu
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__aor
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__apl
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__array
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__ars
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__arshift
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__as
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__bit_and
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__bit_ior
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__bit_not
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__bit_xor
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__call
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__cl
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__cm
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__cn
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__co
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__component
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__compound
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__cond
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__convert
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__delete
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__dl
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__dv
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__eq
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__er
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__ge
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__gt
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__indirect
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__le
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__ls
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__lt
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__max
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__md
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__method_call
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__mi
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__min
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__minus
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__ml
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__mm
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__mn
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__mult
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__mx
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__ne
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__negate
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__new
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__nop
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__nt
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__nw
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__oo
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__op
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__or
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__pl
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__plus
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__postdecrement
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__postincrement
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__pp
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__pt
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__rf
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__rm
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__rs
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__sz
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__trunc_div
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__trunc_mod
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__truth_andif
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__truth_not
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__truth_orif
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__vc
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__vd
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__vn
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SGI badnames:
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__builtin_alloca
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__builtin_fsqrt
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__builtin_sqrt
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__builtin_fabs
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__builtin_dabs
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__builtin_cast_f2i
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__builtin_cast_i2f
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__builtin_cast_d2ll
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__builtin_cast_ll2d
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__builtin_copy_dhi2i
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__builtin_copy_i2dhi
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__builtin_copy_dlo2i
|
|
__builtin_copy_i2dlo
|
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__add_and_fetch
|
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__sub_and_fetch
|
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__or_and_fetch
|
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__xor_and_fetch
|
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__and_and_fetch
|
|
__nand_and_fetch
|
|
__mpy_and_fetch
|
|
__min_and_fetch
|
|
__max_and_fetch
|
|
__fetch_and_add
|
|
__fetch_and_sub
|
|
__fetch_and_or
|
|
__fetch_and_xor
|
|
__fetch_and_and
|
|
__fetch_and_nand
|
|
__fetch_and_mpy
|
|
__fetch_and_min
|
|
__fetch_and_max
|
|
__lock_test_and_set
|
|
__lock_release
|
|
__lock_acquire
|
|
__compare_and_swap
|
|
__synchronize
|
|
__high_multiply
|
|
__unix
|
|
__sgi
|
|
__linux__
|
|
__i386__
|
|
__i486__
|
|
__cplusplus
|
|
__embedded_cplusplus
|
|
// long double conversion members mangled as __opr
|
|
// http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/1999-q4/msg00060.html
|
|
__opr
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|
</literallayout>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section xml:id="coding_style.example"><info><title>By Example</title></info>
|
|
|
|
<literallayout class="normal">
|
|
This library is written to appropriate C++ coding standards. As such,
|
|
it is intended to precede the recommendations of the GNU Coding
|
|
Standard, which can be referenced in full here:
|
|
|
|
<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/standards.html#Formatting">http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/standards.html#Formatting</link>
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|
|
|
The rest of this is also interesting reading, but skip the "Design
|
|
Advice" part.
|
|
|
|
The GCC coding conventions are here, and are also useful:
|
|
<link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="http://gcc.gnu.org/codingconventions.html">http://gcc.gnu.org/codingconventions.html</link>
|
|
|
|
In addition, because it doesn't seem to be stated explicitly anywhere
|
|
else, there is an 80 column source limit.
|
|
|
|
<filename>ChangeLog</filename> entries for member functions should use the
|
|
classname::member function name syntax as follows:
|
|
|
|
<code>
|
|
1999-04-15 Dennis Ritchie <dr@att.com>
|
|
|
|
* src/basic_file.cc (__basic_file::open): Fix thinko in
|
|
_G_HAVE_IO_FILE_OPEN bits.
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
Notable areas of divergence from what may be previous local practice
|
|
(particularly for GNU C) include:
|
|
|
|
01. Pointers and references
|
|
<code>
|
|
char* p = "flop";
|
|
char& c = *p;
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
char *p = "flop"; // wrong
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|
char &c = *p; // wrong
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
Reason: In C++, definitions are mixed with executable code. Here,
|
|
<code>p</code> is being initialized, not <code>*p</code>. This is near-universal
|
|
practice among C++ programmers; it is normal for C hackers
|
|
to switch spontaneously as they gain experience.
|
|
|
|
02. Operator names and parentheses
|
|
<code>
|
|
operator==(type)
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
operator == (type) // wrong
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
Reason: The <code>==</code> is part of the function name. Separating
|
|
it makes the declaration look like an expression.
|
|
|
|
03. Function names and parentheses
|
|
<code>
|
|
void mangle()
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
void mangle () // wrong
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
Reason: no space before parentheses (except after a control-flow
|
|
keyword) is near-universal practice for C++. It identifies the
|
|
parentheses as the function-call operator or declarator, as
|
|
opposed to an expression or other overloaded use of parentheses.
|
|
|
|
04. Template function indentation
|
|
<code>
|
|
template<typename T>
|
|
void
|
|
template_function(args)
|
|
{ }
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
template<class T>
|
|
void template_function(args) {};
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
Reason: In class definitions, without indentation whitespace is
|
|
needed both above and below the declaration to distinguish
|
|
it visually from other members. (Also, re: "typename"
|
|
rather than "class".) <code>T</code> often could be <code>int</code>, which is
|
|
not a class. ("class", here, is an anachronism.)
|
|
|
|
05. Template class indentation
|
|
<code>
|
|
template<typename _CharT, typename _Traits>
|
|
class basic_ios : public ios_base
|
|
{
|
|
public:
|
|
// Types:
|
|
};
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
|
|
class basic_ios : public ios_base
|
|
{
|
|
public:
|
|
// Types:
|
|
};
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
template<class _CharT, class _Traits>
|
|
class basic_ios : public ios_base
|
|
{
|
|
public:
|
|
// Types:
|
|
};
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
06. Enumerators
|
|
<code>
|
|
enum
|
|
{
|
|
space = _ISspace,
|
|
print = _ISprint,
|
|
cntrl = _IScntrl
|
|
};
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
enum { space = _ISspace, print = _ISprint, cntrl = _IScntrl };
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
07. Member initialization lists
|
|
All one line, separate from class name.
|
|
|
|
<code>
|
|
gribble::gribble()
|
|
: _M_private_data(0), _M_more_stuff(0), _M_helper(0)
|
|
{ }
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
gribble::gribble() : _M_private_data(0), _M_more_stuff(0), _M_helper(0)
|
|
{ }
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
08. Try/Catch blocks
|
|
<code>
|
|
try
|
|
{
|
|
//
|
|
}
|
|
catch (...)
|
|
{
|
|
//
|
|
}
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
try {
|
|
//
|
|
} catch(...) {
|
|
//
|
|
}
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
09. Member functions declarations and definitions
|
|
Keywords such as extern, static, export, explicit, inline, etc
|
|
go on the line above the function name. Thus
|
|
|
|
<code>
|
|
virtual int
|
|
foo()
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
virtual int foo()
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
Reason: GNU coding conventions dictate return types for functions
|
|
are on a separate line than the function name and parameter list
|
|
for definitions. For C++, where we have member functions that can
|
|
be either inline definitions or declarations, keeping to this
|
|
standard allows all member function names for a given class to be
|
|
aligned to the same margin, increasing readability.
|
|
|
|
|
|
10. Invocation of member functions with "this->"
|
|
For non-uglified names, use <code>this->name</code> to call the function.
|
|
|
|
<code>
|
|
this->sync()
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
sync()
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
Reason: Koenig lookup.
|
|
|
|
11. Namespaces
|
|
<code>
|
|
namespace std
|
|
{
|
|
blah blah blah;
|
|
} // namespace std
|
|
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
|
|
namespace std {
|
|
blah blah blah;
|
|
} // namespace std
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
12. Spacing under protected and private in class declarations:
|
|
space above, none below
|
|
i.e.
|
|
|
|
<code>
|
|
public:
|
|
int foo;
|
|
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
public:
|
|
|
|
int foo;
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
13. Spacing WRT return statements.
|
|
no extra spacing before returns, no parenthesis
|
|
i.e.
|
|
|
|
<code>
|
|
}
|
|
return __ret;
|
|
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
return __ret;
|
|
|
|
-NOT-
|
|
|
|
}
|
|
return (__ret);
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
|
|
14. Location of global variables.
|
|
All global variables of class type, whether in the "user visible"
|
|
space (e.g., <code>cin</code>) or the implementation namespace, must be defined
|
|
as a character array with the appropriate alignment and then later
|
|
re-initialized to the correct value.
|
|
|
|
This is due to startup issues on certain platforms, such as AIX.
|
|
For more explanation and examples, see <filename>src/globals.cc</filename>. All such
|
|
variables should be contained in that file, for simplicity.
|
|
|
|
15. Exception abstractions
|
|
Use the exception abstractions found in <filename class="headerfile">functexcept.h</filename>, which allow
|
|
C++ programmers to use this library with <literal>-fno-exceptions</literal>. (Even if
|
|
that is rarely advisable, it's a necessary evil for backwards
|
|
compatibility.)
|
|
|
|
16. Exception error messages
|
|
All start with the name of the function where the exception is
|
|
thrown, and then (optional) descriptive text is added. Example:
|
|
|
|
<code>
|
|
__throw_logic_error(__N("basic_string::_S_construct NULL not valid"));
|
|
</code>
|
|
|
|
Reason: The verbose terminate handler prints out <code>exception::what()</code>,
|
|
as well as the typeinfo for the thrown exception. As this is the
|
|
default terminate handler, by putting location info into the
|
|
exception string, a very useful error message is printed out for
|
|
uncaught exceptions. So useful, in fact, that non-programmers can
|
|
give useful error messages, and programmers can intelligently
|
|
speculate what went wrong without even using a debugger.
|
|
|
|
17. The doxygen style guide to comments is a separate document,
|
|
see index.
|
|
|
|
The library currently has a mixture of GNU-C and modern C++ coding
|
|
styles. The GNU C usages will be combed out gradually.
|
|
|
|
Name patterns:
|
|
|
|
For nonstandard names appearing in Standard headers, we are constrained
|
|
to use names that begin with underscores. This is called "uglification".
|
|
The convention is:
|
|
|
|
Local and argument names: <literal>__[a-z].*</literal>
|
|
|
|
Examples: <code>__count __ix __s1</code>
|
|
|
|
Type names and template formal-argument names: <literal>_[A-Z][^_].*</literal>
|
|
|
|
Examples: <code>_Helper _CharT _N</code>
|
|
|
|
Member data and function names: <literal>_M_.*</literal>
|
|
|
|
Examples: <code>_M_num_elements _M_initialize ()</code>
|
|
|
|
Static data members, constants, and enumerations: <literal>_S_.*</literal>
|
|
|
|
Examples: <code>_S_max_elements _S_default_value</code>
|
|
|
|
Don't use names in the same scope that differ only in the prefix,
|
|
e.g. _S_top and _M_top. See BADNAMES for a list of forbidden names.
|
|
(The most tempting of these seem to be and "_T" and "__sz".)
|
|
|
|
Names must never have "__" internally; it would confuse name
|
|
unmanglers on some targets. Also, never use "__[0-9]", same reason.
|
|
|
|
--------------------------
|
|
|
|
[BY EXAMPLE]
|
|
<code>
|
|
|
|
#ifndef _HEADER_
|
|
#define _HEADER_ 1
|
|
|
|
namespace std
|
|
{
|
|
class gribble
|
|
{
|
|
public:
|
|
gribble() throw();
|
|
|
|
gribble(const gribble&);
|
|
|
|
explicit
|
|
gribble(int __howmany);
|
|
|
|
gribble&
|
|
operator=(const gribble&);
|
|
|
|
virtual
|
|
~gribble() throw ();
|
|
|
|
// Start with a capital letter, end with a period.
|
|
inline void
|
|
public_member(const char* __arg) const;
|
|
|
|
// In-class function definitions should be restricted to one-liners.
|
|
int
|
|
one_line() { return 0 }
|
|
|
|
int
|
|
two_lines(const char* arg)
|
|
{ return strchr(arg, 'a'); }
|
|
|
|
inline int
|
|
three_lines(); // inline, but defined below.
|
|
|
|
// Note indentation.
|
|
template<typename _Formal_argument>
|
|
void
|
|
public_template() const throw();
|
|
|
|
template<typename _Iterator>
|
|
void
|
|
other_template();
|
|
|
|
private:
|
|
class _Helper;
|
|
|
|
int _M_private_data;
|
|
int _M_more_stuff;
|
|
_Helper* _M_helper;
|
|
int _M_private_function();
|
|
|
|
enum _Enum
|
|
{
|
|
_S_one,
|
|
_S_two
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
static void
|
|
_S_initialize_library();
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
// More-or-less-standard language features described by lack, not presence.
|
|
# ifndef _G_NO_LONGLONG
|
|
extern long long _G_global_with_a_good_long_name; // avoid globals!
|
|
# endif
|
|
|
|
// Avoid in-class inline definitions, define separately;
|
|
// likewise for member class definitions:
|
|
inline int
|
|
gribble::public_member() const
|
|
{ int __local = 0; return __local; }
|
|
|
|
class gribble::_Helper
|
|
{
|
|
int _M_stuff;
|
|
|
|
friend class gribble;
|
|
};
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
// Names beginning with "__": only for arguments and
|
|
// local variables; never use "__" in a type name, or
|
|
// within any name; never use "__[0-9]".
|
|
|
|
#endif /* _HEADER_ */
|
|
|
|
|
|
namespace std
|
|
{
|
|
template<typename T> // notice: "typename", not "class", no space
|
|
long_return_value_type<with_many, args>
|
|
function_name(char* pointer, // "char *pointer" is wrong.
|
|
char* argument,
|
|
const Reference& ref)
|
|
{
|
|
// int a_local; /* wrong; see below. */
|
|
if (test)
|
|
{
|
|
nested code
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
int a_local = 0; // declare variable at first use.
|
|
|
|
// char a, b, *p; /* wrong */
|
|
char a = 'a';
|
|
char b = a + 1;
|
|
char* c = "abc"; // each variable goes on its own line, always.
|
|
|
|
// except maybe here...
|
|
for (unsigned i = 0, mask = 1; mask; ++i, mask <<= 1) {
|
|
// ...
|
|
}
|
|
}
|
|
|
|
gribble::gribble()
|
|
: _M_private_data(0), _M_more_stuff(0), _M_helper(0)
|
|
{ }
|
|
|
|
int
|
|
gribble::three_lines()
|
|
{
|
|
// doesn't fit in one line.
|
|
}
|
|
} // namespace std
|
|
</code>
|
|
</literallayout>
|
|
</section>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
<section xml:id="contrib.design_notes" xreflabel="Design Notes"><info><title>Design Notes</title></info>
|
|
<?dbhtml filename="source_design_notes.html"?>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<literallayout class="normal">
|
|
|
|
The Library
|
|
-----------
|
|
|
|
This paper is covers two major areas:
|
|
|
|
- Features and policies not mentioned in the standard that
|
|
the quality of the library implementation depends on, including
|
|
extensions and "implementation-defined" features;
|
|
|
|
- Plans for required but unimplemented library features and
|
|
optimizations to them.
|
|
|
|
Overhead
|
|
--------
|
|
|
|
The standard defines a large library, much larger than the standard
|
|
C library. A naive implementation would suffer substantial overhead
|
|
in compile time, executable size, and speed, rendering it unusable
|
|
in many (particularly embedded) applications. The alternative demands
|
|
care in construction, and some compiler support, but there is no
|
|
need for library subsets.
|
|
|
|
What are the sources of this overhead? There are four main causes:
|
|
|
|
- The library is specified almost entirely as templates, which
|
|
with current compilers must be included in-line, resulting in
|
|
very slow builds as tens or hundreds of thousands of lines
|
|
of function definitions are read for each user source file.
|
|
Indeed, the entire SGI STL, as well as the dos Reis valarray,
|
|
are provided purely as header files, largely for simplicity in
|
|
porting. Iostream/locale is (or will be) as large again.
|
|
|
|
- The library is very flexible, specifying a multitude of hooks
|
|
where users can insert their own code in place of defaults.
|
|
When these hooks are not used, any time and code expended to
|
|
support that flexibility is wasted.
|
|
|
|
- Templates are often described as causing to "code bloat". In
|
|
practice, this refers (when it refers to anything real) to several
|
|
independent processes. First, when a class template is manually
|
|
instantiated in its entirely, current compilers place the definitions
|
|
for all members in a single object file, so that a program linking
|
|
to one member gets definitions of all. Second, template functions
|
|
which do not actually depend on the template argument are, under
|
|
current compilers, generated anew for each instantiation, rather
|
|
than being shared with other instantiations. Third, some of the
|
|
flexibility mentioned above comes from virtual functions (both in
|
|
regular classes and template classes) which current linkers add
|
|
to the executable file even when they manifestly cannot be called.
|
|
|
|
- The library is specified to use a language feature, exceptions,
|
|
which in the current gcc compiler ABI imposes a run time and
|
|
code space cost to handle the possibility of exceptions even when
|
|
they are not used. Under the new ABI (accessed with -fnew-abi),
|
|
there is a space overhead and a small reduction in code efficiency
|
|
resulting from lost optimization opportunities associated with
|
|
non-local branches associated with exceptions.
|
|
|
|
What can be done to eliminate this overhead? A variety of coding
|
|
techniques, and compiler, linker and library improvements and
|
|
extensions may be used, as covered below. Most are not difficult,
|
|
and some are already implemented in varying degrees.
|
|
|
|
Overhead: Compilation Time
|
|
--------------------------
|
|
|
|
Providing "ready-instantiated" template code in object code archives
|
|
allows us to avoid generating and optimizing template instantiations
|
|
in each compilation unit which uses them. However, the number of such
|
|
instantiations that are useful to provide is limited, and anyway this
|
|
is not enough, by itself, to minimize compilation time. In particular,
|
|
it does not reduce time spent parsing conforming headers.
|
|
|
|
Quicker header parsing will depend on library extensions and compiler
|
|
improvements. One approach is some variation on the techniques
|
|
previously marketed as "pre-compiled headers", now standardized as
|
|
support for the "export" keyword. "Exported" template definitions
|
|
can be placed (once) in a "repository" -- really just a library, but
|
|
of template definitions rather than object code -- to be drawn upon
|
|
at link time when an instantiation is needed, rather than placed in
|
|
header files to be parsed along with every compilation unit.
|
|
|
|
Until "export" is implemented we can put some of the lengthy template
|
|
definitions in #if guards or alternative headers so that users can skip
|
|
over the full definitions when they need only the ready-instantiated
|
|
specializations.
|
|
|
|
To be precise, this means that certain headers which define
|
|
templates which users normally use only for certain arguments
|
|
can be instrumented to avoid exposing the template definitions
|
|
to the compiler unless a macro is defined. For example, in
|
|
<string>, we might have:
|
|
|
|
template <class _CharT, ... > class basic_string {
|
|
... // member declarations
|
|
};
|
|
... // operator declarations
|
|
|
|
#ifdef _STRICT_ISO_
|
|
# if _G_NO_TEMPLATE_EXPORT
|
|
# include <bits/std_locale.h> // headers needed by definitions
|
|
# ...
|
|
# include <bits/string.tcc> // member and global template definitions.
|
|
# endif
|
|
#endif
|
|
|
|
Users who compile without specifying a strict-ISO-conforming flag
|
|
would not see many of the template definitions they now see, and rely
|
|
instead on ready-instantiated specializations in the library. This
|
|
technique would be useful for the following substantial components:
|
|
string, locale/iostreams, valarray. It would *not* be useful or
|
|
usable with the following: containers, algorithms, iterators,
|
|
allocator. Since these constitute a large (though decreasing)
|
|
fraction of the library, the benefit the technique offers is
|
|
limited.
|
|
|
|
The language specifies the semantics of the "export" keyword, but
|
|
the gcc compiler does not yet support it. When it does, problems
|
|
with large template inclusions can largely disappear, given some
|
|
minor library reorganization, along with the need for the apparatus
|
|
described above.
|
|
|
|
Overhead: Flexibility Cost
|
|
--------------------------
|
|
|
|
The library offers many places where users can specify operations
|
|
to be performed by the library in place of defaults. Sometimes
|
|
this seems to require that the library use a more-roundabout, and
|
|
possibly slower, way to accomplish the default requirements than
|
|
would be used otherwise.
|
|
|
|
The primary protection against this overhead is thorough compiler
|
|
optimization, to crush out layers of inline function interfaces.
|
|
Kuck & Associates has demonstrated the practicality of this kind
|
|
of optimization.
|
|
|
|
The second line of defense against this overhead is explicit
|
|
specialization. By defining helper function templates, and writing
|
|
specialized code for the default case, overhead can be eliminated
|
|
for that case without sacrificing flexibility. This takes full
|
|
advantage of any ability of the optimizer to crush out degenerate
|
|
code.
|
|
|
|
The library specifies many virtual functions which current linkers
|
|
load even when they cannot be called. Some minor improvements to the
|
|
compiler and to ld would eliminate any such overhead by simply
|
|
omitting virtual functions that the complete program does not call.
|
|
A prototype of this work has already been done. For targets where
|
|
GNU ld is not used, a "pre-linker" could do the same job.
|
|
|
|
The main areas in the standard interface where user flexibility
|
|
can result in overhead are:
|
|
|
|
- Allocators: Containers are specified to use user-definable
|
|
allocator types and objects, making tuning for the container
|
|
characteristics tricky.
|
|
|
|
- Locales: the standard specifies locale objects used to implement
|
|
iostream operations, involving many virtual functions which use
|
|
streambuf iterators.
|
|
|
|
- Algorithms and containers: these may be instantiated on any type,
|
|
frequently duplicating code for identical operations.
|
|
|
|
- Iostreams and strings: users are permitted to use these on their
|
|
own types, and specify the operations the stream must use on these
|
|
types.
|
|
|
|
Note that these sources of overhead are _avoidable_. The techniques
|
|
to avoid them are covered below.
|
|
|
|
Code Bloat
|
|
----------
|
|
|
|
In the SGI STL, and in some other headers, many of the templates
|
|
are defined "inline" -- either explicitly or by their placement
|
|
in class definitions -- which should not be inline. This is a
|
|
source of code bloat. Matt had remarked that he was relying on
|
|
the compiler to recognize what was too big to benefit from inlining,
|
|
and generate it out-of-line automatically. However, this also can
|
|
result in code bloat except where the linker can eliminate the extra
|
|
copies.
|
|
|
|
Fixing these cases will require an audit of all inline functions
|
|
defined in the library to determine which merit inlining, and moving
|
|
the rest out of line. This is an issue mainly in chapters 23, 25, and
|
|
27. Of course it can be done incrementally, and we should generally
|
|
accept patches that move large functions out of line and into ".tcc"
|
|
files, which can later be pulled into a repository. Compiler/linker
|
|
improvements to recognize very large inline functions and move them
|
|
out-of-line, but shared among compilation units, could make this
|
|
work unnecessary.
|
|
|
|
Pre-instantiating template specializations currently produces large
|
|
amounts of dead code which bloats statically linked programs. The
|
|
current state of the static library, libstdc++.a, is intolerable on
|
|
this account, and will fuel further confused speculation about a need
|
|
for a library "subset". A compiler improvement that treats each
|
|
instantiated function as a separate object file, for linking purposes,
|
|
would be one solution to this problem. An alternative would be to
|
|
split up the manual instantiation files into dozens upon dozens of
|
|
little files, each compiled separately, but an abortive attempt at
|
|
this was done for <string> and, though it is far from complete, it
|
|
is already a nuisance. A better interim solution (just until we have
|
|
"export") is badly needed.
|
|
|
|
When building a shared library, the current compiler/linker cannot
|
|
automatically generate the instantiations needed. This creates a
|
|
miserable situation; it means any time something is changed in the
|
|
library, before a shared library can be built someone must manually
|
|
copy the declarations of all templates that are needed by other parts
|
|
of the library to an "instantiation" file, and add it to the build
|
|
system to be compiled and linked to the library. This process is
|
|
readily automated, and should be automated as soon as possible.
|
|
Users building their own shared libraries experience identical
|
|
frustrations.
|
|
|
|
Sharing common aspects of template definitions among instantiations
|
|
can radically reduce code bloat. The compiler could help a great
|
|
deal here by recognizing when a function depends on nothing about
|
|
a template parameter, or only on its size, and giving the resulting
|
|
function a link-name "equate" that allows it to be shared with other
|
|
instantiations. Implementation code could take advantage of the
|
|
capability by factoring out code that does not depend on the template
|
|
argument into separate functions to be merged by the compiler.
|
|
|
|
Until such a compiler optimization is implemented, much can be done
|
|
manually (if tediously) in this direction. One such optimization is
|
|
to derive class templates from non-template classes, and move as much
|
|
implementation as possible into the base class. Another is to partial-
|
|
specialize certain common instantiations, such as vector<T*>, to share
|
|
code for instantiations on all types T. While these techniques work,
|
|
they are far from the complete solution that a compiler improvement
|
|
would afford.
|
|
|
|
Overhead: Expensive Language Features
|
|
-------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
The main "expensive" language feature used in the standard library
|
|
is exception support, which requires compiling in cleanup code with
|
|
static table data to locate it, and linking in library code to use
|
|
the table. For small embedded programs the amount of such library
|
|
code and table data is assumed by some to be excessive. Under the
|
|
"new" ABI this perception is generally exaggerated, although in some
|
|
cases it may actually be excessive.
|
|
|
|
To implement a library which does not use exceptions directly is
|
|
not difficult given minor compiler support (to "turn off" exceptions
|
|
and ignore exception constructs), and results in no great library
|
|
maintenance difficulties. To be precise, given "-fno-exceptions",
|
|
the compiler should treat "try" blocks as ordinary blocks, and
|
|
"catch" blocks as dead code to ignore or eliminate. Compiler
|
|
support is not strictly necessary, except in the case of "function
|
|
try blocks"; otherwise the following macros almost suffice:
|
|
|
|
#define throw(X)
|
|
#define try if (true)
|
|
#define catch(X) else if (false)
|
|
|
|
However, there may be a need to use function try blocks in the
|
|
library implementation, and use of macros in this way can make
|
|
correct diagnostics impossible. Furthermore, use of this scheme
|
|
would require the library to call a function to re-throw exceptions
|
|
from a try block. Implementing the above semantics in the compiler
|
|
is preferable.
|
|
|
|
Given the support above (however implemented) it only remains to
|
|
replace code that "throws" with a call to a well-documented "handler"
|
|
function in a separate compilation unit which may be replaced by
|
|
the user. The main source of exceptions that would be difficult
|
|
for users to avoid is memory allocation failures, but users can
|
|
define their own memory allocation primitives that never throw.
|
|
Otherwise, the complete list of such handlers, and which library
|
|
functions may call them, would be needed for users to be able to
|
|
implement the necessary substitutes. (Fortunately, they have the
|
|
source code.)
|
|
|
|
Opportunities
|
|
-------------
|
|
|
|
The template capabilities of C++ offer enormous opportunities for
|
|
optimizing common library operations, well beyond what would be
|
|
considered "eliminating overhead". In particular, many operations
|
|
done in Glibc with macros that depend on proprietary language
|
|
extensions can be implemented in pristine Standard C++. For example,
|
|
the chapter 25 algorithms, and even C library functions such as strchr,
|
|
can be specialized for the case of static arrays of known (small) size.
|
|
|
|
Detailed optimization opportunities are identified below where
|
|
the component where they would appear is discussed. Of course new
|
|
opportunities will be identified during implementation.
|
|
|
|
Unimplemented Required Library Features
|
|
---------------------------------------
|
|
|
|
The standard specifies hundreds of components, grouped broadly by
|
|
chapter. These are listed in excruciating detail in the CHECKLIST
|
|
file.
|
|
|
|
17 general
|
|
18 support
|
|
19 diagnostics
|
|
20 utilities
|
|
21 string
|
|
22 locale
|
|
23 containers
|
|
24 iterators
|
|
25 algorithms
|
|
26 numerics
|
|
27 iostreams
|
|
Annex D backward compatibility
|
|
|
|
Anyone participating in implementation of the library should obtain
|
|
a copy of the standard, ISO 14882. People in the U.S. can obtain an
|
|
electronic copy for US$18 from ANSI's web site. Those from other
|
|
countries should visit http://www.iso.org/ to find out the location
|
|
of their country's representation in ISO, in order to know who can
|
|
sell them a copy.
|
|
|
|
The emphasis in the following sections is on unimplemented features
|
|
and optimization opportunities.
|
|
|
|
Chapter 17 General
|
|
-------------------
|
|
|
|
Chapter 17 concerns overall library requirements.
|
|
|
|
The standard doesn't mention threads. A multi-thread (MT) extension
|
|
primarily affects operators new and delete (18), allocator (20),
|
|
string (21), locale (22), and iostreams (27). The common underlying
|
|
support needed for this is discussed under chapter 20.
|
|
|
|
The standard requirements on names from the C headers create a
|
|
lot of work, mostly done. Names in the C headers must be visible
|
|
in the std:: and sometimes the global namespace; the names in the
|
|
two scopes must refer to the same object. More stringent is that
|
|
Koenig lookup implies that any types specified as defined in std::
|
|
really are defined in std::. Names optionally implemented as
|
|
macros in C cannot be macros in C++. (An overview may be read at
|
|
<http://www.cantrip.org/cheaders.html>). The scripts "inclosure"
|
|
and "mkcshadow", and the directories shadow/ and cshadow/, are the
|
|
beginning of an effort to conform in this area.
|
|
|
|
A correct conforming definition of C header names based on underlying
|
|
C library headers, and practical linking of conforming namespaced
|
|
customer code with third-party C libraries depends ultimately on
|
|
an ABI change, allowing namespaced C type names to be mangled into
|
|
type names as if they were global, somewhat as C function names in a
|
|
namespace, or C++ global variable names, are left unmangled. Perhaps
|
|
another "extern" mode, such as 'extern "C-global"' would be an
|
|
appropriate place for such type definitions. Such a type would
|
|
affect mangling as follows:
|
|
|
|
namespace A {
|
|
struct X {};
|
|
extern "C-global" { // or maybe just 'extern "C"'
|
|
struct Y {};
|
|
};
|
|
}
|
|
void f(A::X*); // mangles to f__FPQ21A1X
|
|
void f(A::Y*); // mangles to f__FP1Y
|
|
|
|
(It may be that this is really the appropriate semantics for regular
|
|
'extern "C"', and 'extern "C-global"', as an extension, would not be
|
|
necessary.) This would allow functions declared in non-standard C headers
|
|
(and thus fixable by neither us nor users) to link properly with functions
|
|
declared using C types defined in properly-namespaced headers. The
|
|
problem this solves is that C headers (which C++ programmers do persist
|
|
in using) frequently forward-declare C struct tags without including
|
|
the header where the type is defined, as in
|
|
|
|
struct tm;
|
|
void munge(tm*);
|
|
|
|
Without some compiler accommodation, munge cannot be called by correct
|
|
C++ code using a pointer to a correctly-scoped tm* value.
|
|
|
|
The current C headers use the preprocessor extension "#include_next",
|
|
which the compiler complains about when run "-pedantic".
|
|
(Incidentally, it appears that "-fpedantic" is currently ignored,
|
|
probably a bug.) The solution in the C compiler is to use
|
|
"-isystem" rather than "-I", but unfortunately in g++ this seems
|
|
also to wrap the whole header in an 'extern "C"' block, so it's
|
|
unusable for C++ headers. The correct solution appears to be to
|
|
allow the various special include-directory options, if not given
|
|
an argument, to affect subsequent include-directory options additively,
|
|
so that if one said
|
|
|
|
-pedantic -iprefix $(prefix) \
|
|
-idirafter -ino-pedantic -ino-extern-c -iwithprefix -I g++-v3 \
|
|
-iwithprefix -I g++-v3/ext
|
|
|
|
the compiler would search $(prefix)/g++-v3 and not report
|
|
pedantic warnings for files found there, but treat files in
|
|
$(prefix)/g++-v3/ext pedantically. (The undocumented semantics
|
|
of "-isystem" in g++ stink. Can they be rescinded? If not it
|
|
must be replaced with something more rationally behaved.)
|
|
|
|
All the C headers need the treatment above; in the standard these
|
|
headers are mentioned in various chapters. Below, I have only
|
|
mentioned those that present interesting implementation issues.
|
|
|
|
The components identified as "mostly complete", below, have not been
|
|
audited for conformance. In many cases where the library passes
|
|
conformance tests we have non-conforming extensions that must be
|
|
wrapped in #if guards for "pedantic" use, and in some cases renamed
|
|
in a conforming way for continued use in the implementation regardless
|
|
of conformance flags.
|
|
|
|
The STL portion of the library still depends on a header
|
|
stl/bits/stl_config.h full of #ifdef clauses. This apparatus
|
|
should be replaced with autoconf/automake machinery.
|
|
|
|
The SGI STL defines a type_traits<> template, specialized for
|
|
many types in their code including the built-in numeric and
|
|
pointer types and some library types, to direct optimizations of
|
|
standard functions. The SGI compiler has been extended to generate
|
|
specializations of this template automatically for user types,
|
|
so that use of STL templates on user types can take advantage of
|
|
these optimizations. Specializations for other, non-STL, types
|
|
would make more optimizations possible, but extending the gcc
|
|
compiler in the same way would be much better. Probably the next
|
|
round of standardization will ratify this, but probably with
|
|
changes, so it probably should be renamed to place it in the
|
|
implementation namespace.
|
|
|
|
The SGI STL also defines a large number of extensions visible in
|
|
standard headers. (Other extensions that appear in separate headers
|
|
have been sequestered in subdirectories ext/ and backward/.) All
|
|
these extensions should be moved to other headers where possible,
|
|
and in any case wrapped in a namespace (not std!), and (where kept
|
|
in a standard header) girded about with macro guards. Some cannot be
|
|
moved out of standard headers because they are used to implement
|
|
standard features. The canonical method for accommodating these
|
|
is to use a protected name, aliased in macro guards to a user-space
|
|
name. Unfortunately C++ offers no satisfactory template typedef
|
|
mechanism, so very ad-hoc and unsatisfactory aliasing must be used
|
|
instead.
|
|
|
|
Implementation of a template typedef mechanism should have the highest
|
|
priority among possible extensions, on the same level as implementation
|
|
of the template "export" feature.
|
|
|
|
Chapter 18 Language support
|
|
----------------------------
|
|
|
|
Headers: <limits> <new> <typeinfo> <exception>
|
|
C headers: <cstddef> <climits> <cfloat> <cstdarg> <csetjmp>
|
|
<ctime> <csignal> <cstdlib> (also 21, 25, 26)
|
|
|
|
This defines the built-in exceptions, rtti, numeric_limits<>,
|
|
operator new and delete. Much of this is provided by the
|
|
compiler in its static runtime library.
|
|
|
|
Work to do includes defining numeric_limits<> specializations in
|
|
separate files for all target architectures. Values for integer types
|
|
except for bool and wchar_t are readily obtained from the C header
|
|
<limits.h>, but values for the remaining numeric types (bool, wchar_t,
|
|
float, double, long double) must be entered manually. This is
|
|
largely dog work except for those members whose values are not
|
|
easily deduced from available documentation. Also, this involves
|
|
some work in target configuration to identify the correct choice of
|
|
file to build against and to install.
|
|
|
|
The definitions of the various operators new and delete must be
|
|
made thread-safe, which depends on a portable exclusion mechanism,
|
|
discussed under chapter 20. Of course there is always plenty of
|
|
room for improvements to the speed of operators new and delete.
|
|
|
|
<cstdarg>, in Glibc, defines some macros that gcc does not allow to
|
|
be wrapped into an inline function. Probably this header will demand
|
|
attention whenever a new target is chosen. The functions atexit(),
|
|
exit(), and abort() in cstdlib have different semantics in C++, so
|
|
must be re-implemented for C++.
|
|
|
|
Chapter 19 Diagnostics
|
|
-----------------------
|
|
|
|
Headers: <stdexcept>
|
|
C headers: <cassert> <cerrno>
|
|
|
|
This defines the standard exception objects, which are "mostly complete".
|
|
Cygnus has a version, and now SGI provides a slightly different one.
|
|
It makes little difference which we use.
|
|
|
|
The C global name "errno", which C allows to be a variable or a macro,
|
|
is required in C++ to be a macro. For MT it must typically result in
|
|
a function call.
|
|
|
|
Chapter 20 Utilities
|
|
---------------------
|
|
Headers: <utility> <functional> <memory>
|
|
C header: <ctime> (also in 18)
|
|
|
|
SGI STL provides "mostly complete" versions of all the components
|
|
defined in this chapter. However, the auto_ptr<> implementation
|
|
is known to be wrong. Furthermore, the standard definition of it
|
|
is known to be unimplementable as written. A minor change to the
|
|
standard would fix it, and auto_ptr<> should be adjusted to match.
|
|
|
|
Multi-threading affects the allocator implementation, and there must
|
|
be configuration/installation choices for different users' MT
|
|
requirements. Anyway, users will want to tune allocator options
|
|
to support different target conditions, MT or no.
|
|
|
|
The primitives used for MT implementation should be exposed, as an
|
|
extension, for users' own work. We need cross-CPU "mutex" support,
|
|
multi-processor shared-memory atomic integer operations, and single-
|
|
processor uninterruptible integer operations, and all three configurable
|
|
to be stubbed out for non-MT use, or to use an appropriately-loaded
|
|
dynamic library for the actual runtime environment, or statically
|
|
compiled in for cases where the target architecture is known.
|
|
|
|
Chapter 21 String
|
|
------------------
|
|
Headers: <string>
|
|
C headers: <cctype> <cwctype> <cstring> <cwchar> (also in 27)
|
|
<cstdlib> (also in 18, 25, 26)
|
|
|
|
We have "mostly-complete" char_traits<> implementations. Many of the
|
|
char_traits<char> operations might be optimized further using existing
|
|
proprietary language extensions.
|
|
|
|
We have a "mostly-complete" basic_string<> implementation. The work
|
|
to manually instantiate char and wchar_t specializations in object
|
|
files to improve link-time behavior is extremely unsatisfactory,
|
|
literally tripling library-build time with no commensurate improvement
|
|
in static program link sizes. It must be redone. (Similar work is
|
|
needed for some components in chapters 22 and 27.)
|
|
|
|
Other work needed for strings is MT-safety, as discussed under the
|
|
chapter 20 heading.
|
|
|
|
The standard C type mbstate_t from <cwchar> and used in char_traits<>
|
|
must be different in C++ than in C, because in C++ the default constructor
|
|
value mbstate_t() must be the "base" or "ground" sequence state.
|
|
(According to the likely resolution of a recently raised Core issue,
|
|
this may become unnecessary. However, there are other reasons to
|
|
use a state type not as limited as whatever the C library provides.)
|
|
If we might want to provide conversions from (e.g.) internally-
|
|
represented EUC-wide to externally-represented Unicode, or vice-
|
|
versa, the mbstate_t we choose will need to be more accommodating
|
|
than what might be provided by an underlying C library.
|
|
|
|
There remain some basic_string template-member functions which do
|
|
not overload properly with their non-template brethren. The infamous
|
|
hack akin to what was done in vector<> is needed, to conform to
|
|
23.1.1 para 10. The CHECKLIST items for basic_string marked 'X',
|
|
or incomplete, are so marked for this reason.
|
|
|
|
Replacing the string iterators, which currently are simple character
|
|
pointers, with class objects would greatly increase the safety of the
|
|
client interface, and also permit a "debug" mode in which range,
|
|
ownership, and validity are rigorously checked. The current use of
|
|
raw pointers as string iterators is evil. vector<> iterators need the
|
|
same treatment. Note that the current implementation freely mixes
|
|
pointers and iterators, and that must be fixed before safer iterators
|
|
can be introduced.
|
|
|
|
Some of the functions in <cstring> are different from the C version.
|
|
generally overloaded on const and non-const argument pointers. For
|
|
example, in <cstring> strchr is overloaded. The functions isupper
|
|
etc. in <cctype> typically implemented as macros in C are functions
|
|
in C++, because they are overloaded with others of the same name
|
|
defined in <locale>.
|
|
|
|
Many of the functions required in <cwctype> and <cwchar> cannot be
|
|
implemented using underlying C facilities on intended targets because
|
|
such facilities only partly exist.
|
|
|
|
Chapter 22 Locale
|
|
------------------
|
|
Headers: <locale>
|
|
C headers: <clocale>
|
|
|
|
We have a "mostly complete" class locale, with the exception of
|
|
code for constructing, and handling the names of, named locales.
|
|
The ways that locales are named (particularly when categories
|
|
(e.g. LC_TIME, LC_COLLATE) are different) varies among all target
|
|
environments. This code must be written in various versions and
|
|
chosen by configuration parameters.
|
|
|
|
Members of many of the facets defined in <locale> are stubs. Generally,
|
|
there are two sets of facets: the base class facets (which are supposed
|
|
to implement the "C" locale) and the "byname" facets, which are supposed
|
|
to read files to determine their behavior. The base ctype<>, collate<>,
|
|
and numpunct<> facets are "mostly complete", except that the table of
|
|
bitmask values used for "is" operations, and corresponding mask values,
|
|
are still defined in libio and just included/linked. (We will need to
|
|
implement these tables independently, soon, but should take advantage
|
|
of libio where possible.) The num_put<>::put members for integer types
|
|
are "mostly complete".
|
|
|
|
A complete list of what has and has not been implemented may be
|
|
found in CHECKLIST. However, note that the current definition of
|
|
codecvt<wchar_t,char,mbstate_t> is wrong. It should simply write
|
|
out the raw bytes representing the wide characters, rather than
|
|
trying to convert each to a corresponding single "char" value.
|
|
|
|
Some of the facets are more important than others. Specifically,
|
|
the members of ctype<>, numpunct<>, num_put<>, and num_get<> facets
|
|
are used by other library facilities defined in <string>, <istream>,
|
|
and <ostream>, and the codecvt<> facet is used by basic_filebuf<>
|
|
in <fstream>, so a conforming iostream implementation depends on
|
|
these.
|
|
|
|
The "long long" type eventually must be supported, but code mentioning
|
|
it should be wrapped in #if guards to allow pedantic-mode compiling.
|
|
|
|
Performance of num_put<> and num_get<> depend critically on
|
|
caching computed values in ios_base objects, and on extensions
|
|
to the interface with streambufs.
|
|
|
|
Specifically: retrieving a copy of the locale object, extracting
|
|
the needed facets, and gathering data from them, for each call to
|
|
(e.g.) operator<< would be prohibitively slow. To cache format
|
|
data for use by num_put<> and num_get<> we have a _Format_cache<>
|
|
object stored in the ios_base::pword() array. This is constructed
|
|
and initialized lazily, and is organized purely for utility. It
|
|
is discarded when a new locale with different facets is imbued.
|
|
|
|
Using only the public interfaces of the iterator arguments to the
|
|
facet functions would limit performance by forbidding "vector-style"
|
|
character operations. The streambuf iterator optimizations are
|
|
described under chapter 24, but facets can also bypass the streambuf
|
|
iterators via explicit specializations and operate directly on the
|
|
streambufs, and use extended interfaces to get direct access to the
|
|
streambuf internal buffer arrays. These extensions are mentioned
|
|
under chapter 27. These optimizations are particularly important
|
|
for input parsing.
|
|
|
|
Unused virtual members of locale facets can be omitted, as mentioned
|
|
above, by a smart linker.
|
|
|
|
Chapter 23 Containers
|
|
----------------------
|
|
Headers: <deque> <list> <queue> <stack> <vector> <map> <set> <bitset>
|
|
|
|
All the components in chapter 23 are implemented in the SGI STL.
|
|
They are "mostly complete"; they include a large number of
|
|
nonconforming extensions which must be wrapped. Some of these
|
|
are used internally and must be renamed or duplicated.
|
|
|
|
The SGI components are optimized for large-memory environments. For
|
|
embedded targets, different criteria might be more appropriate. Users
|
|
will want to be able to tune this behavior. We should provide
|
|
ways for users to compile the library with different memory usage
|
|
characteristics.
|
|
|
|
A lot more work is needed on factoring out common code from different
|
|
specializations to reduce code size here and in chapter 25. The
|
|
easiest fix for this would be a compiler/ABI improvement that allows
|
|
the compiler to recognize when a specialization depends only on the
|
|
size (or other gross quality) of a template argument, and allow the
|
|
linker to share the code with similar specializations. In its
|
|
absence, many of the algorithms and containers can be partial-
|
|
specialized, at least for the case of pointers, but this only solves
|
|
a small part of the problem. Use of a type_traits-style template
|
|
allows a few more optimization opportunities, more if the compiler
|
|
can generate the specializations automatically.
|
|
|
|
As an optimization, containers can specialize on the default allocator
|
|
and bypass it, or take advantage of details of its implementation
|
|
after it has been improved upon.
|
|
|
|
Replacing the vector iterators, which currently are simple element
|
|
pointers, with class objects would greatly increase the safety of the
|
|
client interface, and also permit a "debug" mode in which range,
|
|
ownership, and validity are rigorously checked. The current use of
|
|
pointers for iterators is evil.
|
|
|
|
As mentioned for chapter 24, the deque iterator is a good example of
|
|
an opportunity to implement a "staged" iterator that would benefit
|
|
from specializations of some algorithms.
|
|
|
|
Chapter 24 Iterators
|
|
---------------------
|
|
Headers: <iterator>
|
|
|
|
Standard iterators are "mostly complete", with the exception of
|
|
the stream iterators, which are not yet templatized on the
|
|
stream type. Also, the base class template iterator<> appears
|
|
to be wrong, so everything derived from it must also be wrong,
|
|
currently.
|
|
|
|
The streambuf iterators (currently located in stl/bits/std_iterator.h,
|
|
but should be under bits/) can be rewritten to take advantage of
|
|
friendship with the streambuf implementation.
|
|
|
|
Matt Austern has identified opportunities where certain iterator
|
|
types, particularly including streambuf iterators and deque
|
|
iterators, have a "two-stage" quality, such that an intermediate
|
|
limit can be checked much more quickly than the true limit on
|
|
range operations. If identified with a member of iterator_traits,
|
|
algorithms may be specialized for this case. Of course the
|
|
iterators that have this quality can be identified by specializing
|
|
a traits class.
|
|
|
|
Many of the algorithms must be specialized for the streambuf
|
|
iterators, to take advantage of block-mode operations, in order
|
|
to allow iostream/locale operations' performance not to suffer.
|
|
It may be that they could be treated as staged iterators and
|
|
take advantage of those optimizations.
|
|
|
|
Chapter 25 Algorithms
|
|
----------------------
|
|
Headers: <algorithm>
|
|
C headers: <cstdlib> (also in 18, 21, 26))
|
|
|
|
The algorithms are "mostly complete". As mentioned above, they
|
|
are optimized for speed at the expense of code and data size.
|
|
|
|
Specializations of many of the algorithms for non-STL types would
|
|
give performance improvements, but we must use great care not to
|
|
interfere with fragile template overloading semantics for the
|
|
standard interfaces. Conventionally the standard function template
|
|
interface is an inline which delegates to a non-standard function
|
|
which is then overloaded (this is already done in many places in
|
|
the library). Particularly appealing opportunities for the sake of
|
|
iostream performance are for copy and find applied to streambuf
|
|
iterators or (as noted elsewhere) for staged iterators, of which
|
|
the streambuf iterators are a good example.
|
|
|
|
The bsearch and qsort functions cannot be overloaded properly as
|
|
required by the standard because gcc does not yet allow overloading
|
|
on the extern-"C"-ness of a function pointer.
|
|
|
|
Chapter 26 Numerics
|
|
--------------------
|
|
Headers: <complex> <valarray> <numeric>
|
|
C headers: <cmath>, <cstdlib> (also 18, 21, 25)
|
|
|
|
Numeric components: Gabriel dos Reis's valarray, Drepper's complex,
|
|
and the few algorithms from the STL are "mostly done". Of course
|
|
optimization opportunities abound for the numerically literate. It
|
|
is not clear whether the valarray implementation really conforms
|
|
fully, in the assumptions it makes about aliasing (and lack thereof)
|
|
in its arguments.
|
|
|
|
The C div() and ldiv() functions are interesting, because they are the
|
|
only case where a C library function returns a class object by value.
|
|
Since the C++ type div_t must be different from the underlying C type
|
|
(which is in the wrong namespace) the underlying functions div() and
|
|
ldiv() cannot be re-used efficiently. Fortunately they are trivial to
|
|
re-implement.
|
|
|
|
Chapter 27 Iostreams
|
|
---------------------
|
|
Headers: <iosfwd> <streambuf> <ios> <ostream> <istream> <iostream>
|
|
<iomanip> <sstream> <fstream>
|
|
C headers: <cstdio> <cwchar> (also in 21)
|
|
|
|
Iostream is currently in a very incomplete state. <iosfwd>, <iomanip>,
|
|
ios_base, and basic_ios<> are "mostly complete". basic_streambuf<> and
|
|
basic_ostream<> are well along, but basic_istream<> has had little work
|
|
done. The standard stream objects, <sstream> and <fstream> have been
|
|
started; basic_filebuf<> "write" functions have been implemented just
|
|
enough to do "hello, world".
|
|
|
|
Most of the istream and ostream operators << and >> (with the exception
|
|
of the op<<(integer) ones) have not been changed to use locale primitives,
|
|
sentry objects, or char_traits members.
|
|
|
|
All these templates should be manually instantiated for char and
|
|
wchar_t in a way that links only used members into user programs.
|
|
|
|
Streambuf is fertile ground for optimization extensions. An extended
|
|
interface giving iterator access to its internal buffer would be very
|
|
useful for other library components.
|
|
|
|
Iostream operations (primarily operators << and >>) can take advantage
|
|
of the case where user code has not specified a locale, and bypass locale
|
|
operations entirely. The current implementation of op<</num_put<>::put,
|
|
for the integer types, demonstrates how they can cache encoding details
|
|
from the locale on each operation. There is lots more room for
|
|
optimization in this area.
|
|
|
|
The definition of the relationship between the standard streams
|
|
cout et al. and stdout et al. requires something like a "stdiobuf".
|
|
The SGI solution of using double-indirection to actually use a
|
|
stdio FILE object for buffering is unsatisfactory, because it
|
|
interferes with peephole loop optimizations.
|
|
|
|
The <sstream> header work has begun. stringbuf can benefit from
|
|
friendship with basic_string<> and basic_string<>::_Rep to use
|
|
those objects directly as buffers, and avoid allocating and making
|
|
copies.
|
|
|
|
The basic_filebuf<> template is a complex beast. It is specified to
|
|
use the locale facet codecvt<> to translate characters between native
|
|
files and the locale character encoding. In general this involves
|
|
two buffers, one of "char" representing the file and another of
|
|
"char_type", for the stream, with codecvt<> translating. The process
|
|
is complicated by the variable-length nature of the translation, and
|
|
the need to seek to corresponding places in the two representations.
|
|
For the case of basic_filebuf<char>, when no translation is needed,
|
|
a single buffer suffices. A specialized filebuf can be used to reduce
|
|
code space overhead when no locale has been imbued. Matt Austern's
|
|
work at SGI will be useful, perhaps directly as a source of code, or
|
|
at least as an example to draw on.
|
|
|
|
Filebuf, almost uniquely (cf. operator new), depends heavily on
|
|
underlying environmental facilities. In current releases iostream
|
|
depends fairly heavily on libio constant definitions, but it should
|
|
be made independent. It also depends on operating system primitives
|
|
for file operations. There is immense room for optimizations using
|
|
(e.g.) mmap for reading. The shadow/ directory wraps, besides the
|
|
standard C headers, the libio.h and unistd.h headers, for use mainly
|
|
by filebuf. These wrappings have not been completed, though there
|
|
is scaffolding in place.
|
|
|
|
The encapsulation of certain C header <cstdio> names presents an
|
|
interesting problem. It is possible to define an inline std::fprintf()
|
|
implemented in terms of the 'extern "C"' vfprintf(), but there is no
|
|
standard vfscanf() to use to implement std::fscanf(). It appears that
|
|
vfscanf but be re-implemented in C++ for targets where no vfscanf
|
|
extension has been defined. This is interesting in that it seems
|
|
to be the only significant case in the C library where this kind of
|
|
rewriting is necessary. (Of course Glibc provides the vfscanf()
|
|
extension.) (The functions related to exit() must be rewritten
|
|
for other reasons.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Annex D
|
|
-------
|
|
Headers: <strstream>
|
|
|
|
Annex D defines many non-library features, and many minor
|
|
modifications to various headers, and a complete header.
|
|
It is "mostly done", except that the libstdc++-2 <strstream>
|
|
header has not been adopted into the library, or checked to
|
|
verify that it matches the draft in those details that were
|
|
clarified by the committee. Certainly it must at least be
|
|
moved into the std namespace.
|
|
|
|
We still need to wrap all the deprecated features in #if guards
|
|
so that pedantic compile modes can detect their use.
|
|
|
|
Nonstandard Extensions
|
|
----------------------
|
|
Headers: <iostream.h> <strstream.h> <hash> <rbtree>
|
|
<pthread_alloc> <stdiobuf> (etc.)
|
|
|
|
User code has come to depend on a variety of nonstandard components
|
|
that we must not omit. Much of this code can be adopted from
|
|
libstdc++-v2 or from the SGI STL. This particularly includes
|
|
<iostream.h>, <strstream.h>, and various SGI extensions such
|
|
as <hash_map.h>. Many of these are already placed in the
|
|
subdirectories ext/ and backward/. (Note that it is better to
|
|
include them via "<backward/hash_map.h>" or "<ext/hash_map>" than
|
|
to search the subdirectory itself via a "-I" directive.
|
|
</literallayout>
|
|
</section>
|
|
|
|
</appendix>
|