mirror of git://gcc.gnu.org/git/gcc.git
evolution.xml: Update for 4.4 and 4.5 releases.
2010-01-05 Benjamin Kosnik <bkoz@redhat.com> * doc/xml/manual/evolution.xml: Update for 4.4 and 4.5 releases. * doc/html: Regenerate. From-SVN: r155661
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Benjamin Kosnik
Benjamin Kosnik
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2010-01-05 Benjamin Kosnik <bkoz@redhat.com>
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* doc/xml/manual/evolution.xml: Update for 4.4 and 4.5 releases.
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* doc/html: Regenerate.
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2010-01-05 Paolo Carlini <paolo.carlini@oracle.com>
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PR libstdc++/38081
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>API and Source Level Documentation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><link rel="home" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk02.html" title="" /><link rel="prev" href="bk02.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="bk03.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">API and Source Level Documentation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"></th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="article" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="api"></a>API and Source Level Documentation</h2></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright ©
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>API and Source Level Documentation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><link rel="home" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk02.html" title="" /><link rel="prev" href="bk02.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="bk03.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">API and Source Level Documentation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"></th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="article" title="API and Source Level Documentation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="api"></a>API and Source Level Documentation</h2></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright ©
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2008
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||||
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<a class="ulink" href="http://www.fsf.org/" target="_top">FSF
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</a>
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||||
</p></div><div><div class="legalnotice"><a id="id596116"></a><p>
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</p></div><div><div class="legalnotice" title="Legal Notice"><a id="id379526"></a><p>
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<a class="link" href="manual/license.html" title="License">License
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</a>
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</p></div></div></div><hr /></div><p>
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@ -19,22 +19,22 @@ file, looking at inheritance diagrams, etc.
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</p><p>
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The source-level documentation for the most recent releases can be
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viewed online:
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</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
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||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
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||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/libstdc++-html-USERS-3.4/index.html" target="_top">for the 3.4 release
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</a>
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</p></li><li><p>
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</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/libstdc++-html-USERS-4.1/index.html" target="_top">for the 4.1 release
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</a>
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</p></li><li><p>
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</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/libstdc++-html-USERS-4.2/index.html" target="_top">for the 4.2 release
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</a>
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</p></li><li><p>
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</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/libstdc++-html-USERS-4.3/index.html" target="_top">for the 4.3 release
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</a>
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</p></li><li><p>
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</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/libstdc++-html-USERS-4.4/index.html" target="_top">for the 4.4 release
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</a>
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</p></li><li><p>
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</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/latest-doxygen/index.html" target="_top">"the latest collection"
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</a>
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(For the main development tree; see the date on the first page.)
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|
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><link rel="home" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="prev" href="manual/backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility" /><link rel="next" href="api.html" title="API and Source Level Documentation" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="manual/backwards.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="api.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="book" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><hr /></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="api.html">API and Source Level Documentation</a></span></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="manual/backwards.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="api.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Backwards Compatibility </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> API and Source Level Documentation</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><link rel="home" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="prev" href="manual/backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility" /><link rel="next" href="api.html" title="API and Source Level Documentation" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="manual/backwards.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="api.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="book"><div class="titlepage"><hr /></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="api.html">API and Source Level Documentation</a></span></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="manual/backwards.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="api.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Backwards Compatibility </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> API and Source Level Documentation</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><link rel="home" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="prev" href="api.html" title="API and Source Level Documentation" /><link rel="next" href="faq.html" title="Frequently Asked Questions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="api.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="faq.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="book" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><hr /></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a></span></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="api.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="faq.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">API and Source Level Documentation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Frequently Asked Questions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><link rel="home" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="prev" href="api.html" title="API and Source Level Documentation" /><link rel="next" href="faq.html" title="Frequently Asked Questions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="api.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="faq.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="book"><div class="titlepage"><hr /></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="article"><a href="faq.html">Frequently Asked Questions</a></span></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="api.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="faq.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">API and Source Level Documentation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Frequently Asked Questions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Frequently Asked Questions</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><link rel="home" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk03.html" title="" /><link rel="prev" href="bk03.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Frequently Asked Questions</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"></th><td width="20%" align="right"> </td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="article" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="faq"></a>Frequently Asked Questions</h2></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright ©
|
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Frequently Asked Questions</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><link rel="home" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk03.html" title="" /><link rel="prev" href="bk03.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Frequently Asked Questions</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"></th><td width="20%" align="right"> </td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="article" title="Frequently Asked Questions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="faq"></a>Frequently Asked Questions</h2></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright ©
|
||||
2008
|
||||
|
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<a class="ulink" href="http://www.fsf.org" target="_top">FSF</a>
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</p></div></div><hr /></div><div class="qandaset"><dl><dt>1. <a href="faq.html#faq.info">General Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>1.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.what">
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</p></div></div><hr /></div><div class="qandaset" title="Frequently Asked Questions"><a id="id370939"></a><dl><dt>1. <a href="faq.html#faq.info">General Information</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>1.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.what">
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What is libstdc++?
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</a></dt><dt>1.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.why">
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Why should I use libstdc++?
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@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
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What's an ABI and why is it so messy?
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</a></dt><dt>7.8. <a href="faq.html#faq.size_equals_capacity">
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How do I make std::vector<T>::capacity() == std::vector<T>::size?
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</a></dt></dl></dd></dl><table border="0" summary="Q and A Set"><col align="left" width="1%" /><tbody><tr class="qandadiv"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><h3 class="title"><a id="faq.info"></a>1. General Information</h3></td></tr><tr class="toc"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><dl><dt>1.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.what">
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</a></dt></dl></dd></dl><table border="0" width="100%" summary="Q and A Set"><col align="left" width="1%" /><col /><tbody><tr class="qandadiv"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><h3 class="title"><a id="faq.info"></a>1. General Information</h3></td></tr><tr class="toc"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><dl><dt>1.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.what">
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What is libstdc++?
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</a></dt><dt>1.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.why">
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Why should I use libstdc++?
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@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
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What happened to the older libg++? I need that!
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</a></dt><dt>1.7. <a href="faq.html#faq.more_questions">
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What if I have more questions?
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</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what"></a><a id="faq.what.q"></a><p><b>1.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question" title="1.1."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what"></a><a id="faq.what.q"></a><p><b>1.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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What is libstdc++?
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</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what.a"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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The GNU Standard C++ Library v3 is an ongoing project to
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@ -115,14 +115,14 @@
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bleeding-edge code, the up-to-date source is available over
|
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anonymous SVN, and can even be browsed over
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the <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/svn.html" target="_top">web</a>.
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</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.why"></a><a id="q-why"></a><p><b>1.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="1.2."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.why"></a><a id="q-why"></a><p><b>1.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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Why should I use libstdc++?
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</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-why"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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The completion of the ISO C++ standardization gave the C++
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community a powerful set of reuseable tools in the form of the C++
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Standard Library. However, all existing C++ implementations are
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||||
(as the Draft Standard used to say) “<span class="quote">incomplet and
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incorrekt</span>”, and many suffer from limitations of the compilers
|
||||
(as the Draft Standard used to say) <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">incomplet and
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incorrekt</span>”</span>, and many suffer from limitations of the compilers
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that use them.
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</p><p>
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The GNU compiler collection
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@ -139,9 +139,9 @@
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freely available and fully compliant. (Such as
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<code class="classname">string</code>,
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<code class="classname">vector<></code>, iostreams, and algorithms.)
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Programmers will no longer need to “<span class="quote">roll their own</span>”
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Programmers will no longer need to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">roll their own</span>”</span>
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nor be worried about platform-specific incompatibilities.
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</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.who"></a><a id="q-who"></a><p><b>1.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="1.3."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.who"></a><a id="q-who"></a><p><b>1.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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Who's in charge of it?
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</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-who"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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The libstdc++ project is contributed to by several developers
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@ -155,13 +155,13 @@
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archives, is open to everyone. You can read instructions for
|
||||
doing so on the <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/libstdc++/" target="_top">homepage</a>.
|
||||
If you have questions, ideas, code, or are just curious, sign up!
|
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</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.when"></a><a id="q-when"></a><p><b>1.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="1.4."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.when"></a><a id="q-when"></a><p><b>1.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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When is libstdc++ going to be finished?
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</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-when"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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Nathan Myers gave the best of all possible answers, responding to
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a Usenet article asking this question: <span class="emphasis"><em>Sooner, if you
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help.</em></span>
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</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how"></a><a id="q-how"></a><p><b>1.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="1.5."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how"></a><a id="q-how"></a><p><b>1.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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How do I contribute to the effort?
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</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-how"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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Here is <a class="link" href="manual/appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing">a page devoted to
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||||
|
|
@ -172,7 +172,7 @@
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|||
anybody who is willing to help write documentation, for example,
|
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or has found a bug in code that we all thought was working and is
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||||
willing to provide details, is more than welcome!
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</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.whereis_old"></a><a id="q-whereis_old"></a><p><b>1.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
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</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="1.6."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.whereis_old"></a><a id="q-whereis_old"></a><p><b>1.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
What happened to the older libg++? I need that!
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-whereis_old"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
The most recent libg++ README states that libg++ is no longer
|
||||
|
|
@ -180,7 +180,7 @@
|
|||
projects, and is only being kicked along to support older code.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
More information in the <a class="link" href="manual/backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility">backwards compatibility documentation</a>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.more_questions"></a><a id="q-more_questions"></a><p><b>1.7.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="1.7."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.more_questions"></a><a id="q-more_questions"></a><p><b>1.7.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
What if I have more questions?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-more_questions"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
If you have read the README file, and your question remains
|
||||
|
|
@ -201,17 +201,17 @@
|
|||
How is that different from the GNU {Lesser,Library} GPL?
|
||||
</a></dt><dt>2.4. <a href="faq.html#faq.license.what_restrictions">
|
||||
I see. So, what restrictions are there on programs that use the library?
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.what"></a><a id="q-license.what"></a><p><b>2.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question" title="2.1."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.what"></a><a id="q-license.what"></a><p><b>2.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
What are the license terms for libstdc++?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-license.what"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
See <a class="link" href="manual/license.html" title="License">our license description</a>
|
||||
for these and related questions.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.any_program"></a><a id="q-license.any_program"></a><p><b>2.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="2.2."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.any_program"></a><a id="q-license.any_program"></a><p><b>2.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
So any program which uses libstdc++ falls under the GPL?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-license.any_program"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
No. The special exception permits use of the library in
|
||||
proprietary applications.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.lgpl"></a><a id="q-license.lgpl"></a><p><b>2.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="2.3."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.lgpl"></a><a id="q-license.lgpl"></a><p><b>2.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
How is that different from the GNU {Lesser,Library} GPL?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-license.lgpl"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
The LGPL requires that users be able to replace the LGPL code with a
|
||||
|
|
@ -221,7 +221,7 @@
|
|||
are expanded inside the code that uses the library. So to allow people
|
||||
to replace the library code, someone using the library would have to
|
||||
distribute their own source, rendering the LGPL equivalent to the GPL.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.what_restrictions"></a><a id="q-license.what_restrictions"></a><p><b>2.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="2.4."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.what_restrictions"></a><a id="q-license.what_restrictions"></a><p><b>2.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
I see. So, what restrictions are there on programs that use the library?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-license.what_restrictions"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
None. We encourage such programs to be released as open source,
|
||||
|
|
@ -234,7 +234,7 @@
|
|||
What's libsupc++?
|
||||
</a></dt><dt>3.6. <a href="faq.html#faq.size">
|
||||
This library is HUGE!
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how_to_install"></a><a id="q-how_to_install"></a><p><b>3.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How do I install libstdc++?
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question" title="3.1."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how_to_install"></a><a id="q-how_to_install"></a><p><b>3.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How do I install libstdc++?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-how_to_install"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Often libstdc++ comes pre-installed as an integral part of many
|
||||
existing Linux and Unix systems, as well as many embedded
|
||||
|
|
@ -247,7 +247,7 @@
|
|||
documentation</a> for detailed
|
||||
instructions. You may wish to browse those files ahead
|
||||
of time to get a feel for what's required.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how_to_get_sources"></a><a id="q-how_to_get_sources"></a><p><b>3.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How does one get current libstdc++ sources?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="3.2."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how_to_get_sources"></a><a id="q-how_to_get_sources"></a><p><b>3.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How does one get current libstdc++ sources?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-how_to_get_sources"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Libstdc++ sources for all official releases can be obtained as
|
||||
part of the GCC sources, available from various sites and
|
||||
|
|
@ -265,14 +265,14 @@
|
|||
quality. The <a class="ulink" href="http://subversion.tigris.org" target="_top"> Subversion
|
||||
home page</a> has a better description.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
The “<span class="quote">anonymous client checkout</span>” feature of SVN is
|
||||
The <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">anonymous client checkout</span>”</span> feature of SVN is
|
||||
similar to anonymous FTP in that it allows anyone to retrieve
|
||||
the latest libstdc++ sources.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
For more information
|
||||
see <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/svn.html" target="_top"><acronym class="acronym">SVN</acronym>
|
||||
details</a>.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how_to_test"></a><a id="q-how_to_test"></a><p><b>3.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How do I know if it works?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="3.3."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how_to_test"></a><a id="q-how_to_test"></a><p><b>3.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How do I know if it works?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-how_to_test"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Libstdc++ comes with its own validation testsuite, which includes
|
||||
conformance testing, regression testing, ABI testing, and
|
||||
|
|
@ -283,7 +283,7 @@
|
|||
If you find bugs in the testsuite programs themselves, or if you
|
||||
think of a new test program that should be added to the suite,
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>please</em></span> write up your idea and send it to the list!
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how_to_set_paths"></a><a id="q-how_to_set_paths"></a><p><b>3.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How do I insure that the dynamically linked library will be found?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="3.4."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how_to_set_paths"></a><a id="q-how_to_set_paths"></a><p><b>3.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How do I insure that the dynamically linked library will be found?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-how_to_set_paths"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Depending on your platform and library version, the error message might
|
||||
be similar to one of the following:
|
||||
|
|
@ -315,7 +315,7 @@
|
|||
and <span class="command"><strong>ldconfig</strong></span> for more information. The dynamic
|
||||
linker has different names on different platforms but the man page
|
||||
is usually called something such as <code class="filename">ld.so/rtld/dld.so</code>.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what_is_libsupcxx"></a><a id="q-what_is_libsupcxx"></a><p><b>3.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="3.5."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what_is_libsupcxx"></a><a id="q-what_is_libsupcxx"></a><p><b>3.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
What's libsupc++?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-what_is_libsupcxx"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
If the only functions from <code class="filename">libstdc++.a</code>
|
||||
|
|
@ -332,11 +332,11 @@
|
|||
using anything from the rest of the library, such as IOStreams
|
||||
or vectors, then you'll still need pieces from
|
||||
<code class="filename">libstdc++.a</code>.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.size"></a><a id="q-size"></a><p><b>3.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="3.6."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.size"></a><a id="q-size"></a><p><b>3.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
This library is HUGE!
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-size"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Usually the size of libraries on disk isn't noticeable. When a
|
||||
link editor (or simply “<span class="quote">linker</span>”) pulls things from a
|
||||
link editor (or simply <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">linker</span>”</span>) pulls things from a
|
||||
static archive library, only the necessary object files are copied
|
||||
into your executable, not the entire library. Unfortunately, even
|
||||
if you only need a single function or variable from an object file,
|
||||
|
|
@ -379,7 +379,7 @@
|
|||
Recent GNU/Linux glibc required?
|
||||
</a></dt><dt>4.8. <a href="faq.html#faq.freebsd_wchar">
|
||||
Can't use wchar_t/wstring on FreeBSD
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.other_compilers"></a><a id="q-other_compilers"></a><p><b>4.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question" title="4.1."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.other_compilers"></a><a id="q-other_compilers"></a><p><b>4.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Can libstdc++ be used with non-GNU compilers?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-other_compilers"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Perhaps.
|
||||
|
|
@ -399,7 +399,7 @@
|
|||
been known to work with versions of the EDG C++ compiler, and
|
||||
vendor-specific proprietary C++ compilers such as the Intel ICC
|
||||
C++ compiler.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.solaris_long_long"></a><a id="q-solaris_long_long"></a><p><b>4.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="4.2."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.solaris_long_long"></a><a id="q-solaris_long_long"></a><p><b>4.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
No 'long long' type on Solaris?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-solaris_long_long"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
By default we try to support the C99 <span class="type">long long</span> type.
|
||||
|
|
@ -411,7 +411,7 @@
|
|||
commonly reported platform affected was Solaris.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
This has been fixed for libstdc++ releases greater than 3.0.3.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.predefined"></a><a id="q-predefined"></a><p><b>4.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="4.3."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.predefined"></a><a id="q-predefined"></a><p><b>4.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
<code class="constant">_XOPEN_SOURCE</code> and <code class="constant">_GNU_SOURCE</code> are always defined?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-predefined"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>On Solaris, g++ (but not gcc) always defines the preprocessor
|
||||
macro <code class="constant">_XOPEN_SOURCE</code>. On GNU/Linux, the same happens
|
||||
|
|
@ -440,13 +440,13 @@
|
|||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/cgi-bin/htsearch?method=and&format=builtin-long&sort=score&words=_XOPEN_SOURCE+Solaris" target="_top">quite a bit</a>.
|
||||
</p><p>This method is something of a wart. We'd like to find a cleaner
|
||||
solution, but nobody yet has contributed the time.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.darwin_ctype"></a><a id="q-darwin_ctype"></a><p><b>4.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="4.4."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.darwin_ctype"></a><a id="q-darwin_ctype"></a><p><b>4.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Mac OS X <code class="filename">ctype.h</code> is broken! How can I fix it?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-darwin_ctype"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>This is a long-standing bug in the OS X support. Fortunately,
|
||||
the patch is quite simple, and well-known.
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2002-03/msg00817.html" target="_top"> Here's a
|
||||
link to the solution</a>.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.threads_i386"></a><a id="q-threads_i386"></a><p><b>4.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="4.5."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.threads_i386"></a><a id="q-threads_i386"></a><p><b>4.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Threading is broken on i386?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-threads_i386"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p><p>Support for atomic integer operations is/was broken on i386
|
||||
|
|
@ -456,7 +456,7 @@
|
|||
on an i686, then you would encounter no problems. Only when
|
||||
actually running the code on a i386 will the problem appear.
|
||||
</p><p>This is fixed in 3.2.2.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.atomic_mips"></a><a id="q-atomic_mips"></a><p><b>4.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="4.6."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.atomic_mips"></a><a id="q-atomic_mips"></a><p><b>4.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
MIPS atomic operations
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-atomic_mips"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
The atomic locking routines for MIPS targets requires MIPS II
|
||||
|
|
@ -466,7 +466,7 @@
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
The mips*-*-linux* port continues to use the MIPS II routines, and more
|
||||
work in this area is expected.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.linux_glibc"></a><a id="q-linux_glibc"></a><p><b>4.7.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="4.7."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.linux_glibc"></a><a id="q-linux_glibc"></a><p><b>4.7.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Recent GNU/Linux glibc required?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-linux_glibc"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>When running on GNU/Linux, libstdc++ 3.2.1 (shared library version
|
||||
5.0.1) and later uses localization and formatting code from the system
|
||||
|
|
@ -476,7 +476,7 @@
|
|||
</p><p>The guideline is simple: the more recent the C++ library, the
|
||||
more recent the C library. (This is also documented in the main
|
||||
GCC installation instructions.)
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.freebsd_wchar"></a><a id="q-freebsd_wchar"></a><p><b>4.8.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="4.8."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.freebsd_wchar"></a><a id="q-freebsd_wchar"></a><p><b>4.8.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Can't use wchar_t/wstring on FreeBSD
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-freebsd_wchar"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Older versions of FreeBSD's C library do not have sufficient
|
||||
|
|
@ -495,7 +495,7 @@
|
|||
Bugs in the ISO C++ language or library specification
|
||||
</a></dt><dt>5.3. <a href="faq.html#faq.compiler_bugs">
|
||||
Bugs in the compiler (gcc/g++) and not libstdc++
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what_works"></a><a id="q-what_works"></a><p><b>5.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question" title="5.1."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what_works"></a><a id="q-what_works"></a><p><b>5.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
What works already?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-what_works"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Short answer: Pretty much everything <span class="emphasis"><em>works</em></span>
|
||||
|
|
@ -509,7 +509,7 @@
|
|||
<a class="link" href="manual/status.html#status.iso.1998" title="C++ 1998/2003">C++98</a>,
|
||||
<a class="link" href="manual/status.html#status.iso.tr1" title="C++ TR1">TR1</a>, and
|
||||
<a class="link" href="manual/status.html#status.iso.200x" title="C++ 200x">C++0x</a>.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.standard_bugs"></a><a id="q-standard_bugs"></a><p><b>5.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="5.2."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.standard_bugs"></a><a id="q-standard_bugs"></a><p><b>5.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Bugs in the ISO C++ language or library specification
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-standard_bugs"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Unfortunately, there are some.
|
||||
|
|
@ -524,7 +524,7 @@
|
|||
please post a message describing your problem
|
||||
to <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org">libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org</a>></code> or the Usenet group
|
||||
comp.lang.c++.moderated.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.compiler_bugs"></a><a id="q-compiler_bugs"></a><p><b>5.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="5.3."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.compiler_bugs"></a><a id="q-compiler_bugs"></a><p><b>5.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Bugs in the compiler (gcc/g++) and not libstdc++
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-compiler_bugs"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
On occasion, the compiler is wrong. Please be advised that this
|
||||
|
|
@ -538,7 +538,7 @@
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
Before reporting a bug, please examine the
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html" target="_top">bugs database</a> with the
|
||||
category set to “<span class="quote">g++</span>”.
|
||||
category set to <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">g++</span>”</span>.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="qandadiv"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><h3 class="title"><a id="faq.known_non-bugs"></a>6. Known Non-Bugs</h3></td></tr><tr class="toc"><td align="left" valign="top" colspan="2"><dl><dt>6.1. <a href="faq.html#faq.stream_reopening_fails">
|
||||
Reopening a stream fails
|
||||
</a></dt><dt>6.2. <a href="faq.html#faq.wefcxx_verbose">
|
||||
|
|
@ -559,19 +559,19 @@
|
|||
list::size() is O(n)!
|
||||
</a></dt><dt>6.9. <a href="faq.html#faq.easy_to_fix">
|
||||
Aw, that's easy to fix!
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.stream_reopening_fails"></a><a id="q-stream_reopening_fails"></a><p><b>6.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question" title="6.1."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.stream_reopening_fails"></a><a id="q-stream_reopening_fails"></a><p><b>6.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Reopening a stream fails
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-stream_reopening_fails"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
One of the most-reported non-bug reports. Executing a sequence like:
|
||||
</p><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
|
||||
#include <fstream><br />
|
||||
...<br />
|
||||
std::fstream fs(“<span class="quote">a_file</span>”);<br />
|
||||
std::fstream fs(<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">a_file</span>”</span>);<br />
|
||||
// .<br />
|
||||
// . do things with fs...<br />
|
||||
// .<br />
|
||||
fs.close();<br />
|
||||
fs.open(“<span class="quote">a_new_file</span>”);<br />
|
||||
fs.open(<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">a_new_file</span>”</span>);<br />
|
||||
</p></div><p>
|
||||
All operations on the re-opened <code class="varname">fs</code> will fail, or at
|
||||
least act very strangely. Yes, they often will, especially if
|
||||
|
|
@ -586,7 +586,7 @@
|
|||
<span class="emphasis"><em>Update:</em></span> for GCC 4.0 we implemented the resolution
|
||||
of <a class="link" href="manual/bugs.html" title="Bugs">DR #409</a> and open()
|
||||
now calls <code class="function">clear()</code> on success!
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.wefcxx_verbose"></a><a id="q-wefcxx_verbose"></a><p><b>6.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="6.2."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.wefcxx_verbose"></a><a id="q-wefcxx_verbose"></a><p><b>6.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
-Weffc++ complains too much
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-wefcxx_verbose"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Many warnings are emitted when <code class="literal">-Weffc++</code> is used. Making
|
||||
|
|
@ -598,19 +598,19 @@
|
|||
We do, however, try to have libstdc++ sources as clean as possible. If
|
||||
you see some simple changes that pacify <code class="literal">-Weffc++</code>
|
||||
without other drawbacks, send us a patch.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.ambiguous_overloads"></a><a id="q-ambiguous_overloads"></a><p><b>6.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="6.3."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.ambiguous_overloads"></a><a id="q-ambiguous_overloads"></a><p><b>6.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Ambiguous overloads after including an old-style header
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-ambiguous_overloads"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Another problem is the <code class="literal">rel_ops</code> namespace and the template
|
||||
comparison operator functions contained therein. If they become
|
||||
visible in the same namespace as other comparison functions
|
||||
(e.g., “<span class="quote">using</span>” them and the <iterator> header),
|
||||
(e.g., <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">using</span>”</span> them and the <iterator> header),
|
||||
then you will suddenly be faced with huge numbers of ambiguity
|
||||
errors. This was discussed on the -v3 list; Nathan Myers
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2001-01/msg00247.html" target="_top">sums
|
||||
things up here</a>. The collisions with vector/string iterator
|
||||
types have been fixed for 3.1.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.v2_headers"></a><a id="q-v2_headers"></a><p><b>6.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="6.4."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.v2_headers"></a><a id="q-v2_headers"></a><p><b>6.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
The g++-3 headers are <span class="emphasis"><em>not ours</em></span>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-v2_headers"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
If you have found an extremely broken header file which is
|
||||
|
|
@ -633,7 +633,7 @@
|
|||
'v'?). Starting with version 3.2 the headers are installed in
|
||||
<code class="filename">${prefix}/include/c++/${version}</code> as this prevents
|
||||
headers from previous versions being found by mistake.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.boost_concept_checks"></a><a id="q-boost_concept_checks"></a><p><b>6.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="6.5."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.boost_concept_checks"></a><a id="q-boost_concept_checks"></a><p><b>6.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Errors about <span class="emphasis"><em>*Concept</em></span> and
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>constraints</em></span> in the STL
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-boost_concept_checks"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -649,7 +649,7 @@
|
|||
More information, including how to optionally enable/disable the
|
||||
checks, is available
|
||||
<a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt03ch08.html" title="Chapter 8. Concept Checking">here</a>.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.dlopen_crash"></a><a id="q-dlopen_crash"></a><p><b>6.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="6.6."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.dlopen_crash"></a><a id="q-dlopen_crash"></a><p><b>6.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Program crashes when using library code in a
|
||||
dynamically-loaded library
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-dlopen_crash"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -668,8 +668,8 @@
|
|||
<br />
|
||||
// link the executable<br />
|
||||
g++ -fPIC -rdynamic -o foo ... -L. -lfoo -ldl<br />
|
||||
</p></div></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.memory_leaks"></a><a id="q-memory_leaks"></a><p><b>6.7.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
“<span class="quote">Memory leaks</span>” in containers
|
||||
</p></div></td></tr><tr class="question" title="6.7."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.memory_leaks"></a><a id="q-memory_leaks"></a><p><b>6.7.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Memory leaks</span>”</span> in containers
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-memory_leaks"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
A few people have reported that the standard containers appear
|
||||
to leak memory when tested with memory checkers such as
|
||||
|
|
@ -681,13 +681,13 @@
|
|||
want to test the library for memory leaks please read
|
||||
<a class="link" href="manual/debug.html#debug.memory" title="Memory Leak Hunting">Tips for memory leak hunting</a>
|
||||
first.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.list_size_on"></a><a id="q-list_size_on"></a><p><b>6.8.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="6.8."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.list_size_on"></a><a id="q-list_size_on"></a><p><b>6.8.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
list::size() is O(n)!
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-list_size_on"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
See
|
||||
the <a class="link" href="manual/containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers">Containers</a>
|
||||
chapter.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.easy_to_fix"></a><a id="q-easy_to_fix"></a><p><b>6.9.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="6.9."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.easy_to_fix"></a><a id="q-easy_to_fix"></a><p><b>6.9.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Aw, that's easy to fix!
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-easy_to_fix"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
If you have found a bug in the library and you think you have
|
||||
|
|
@ -720,7 +720,7 @@
|
|||
What's an ABI and why is it so messy?
|
||||
</a></dt><dt>7.8. <a href="faq.html#faq.size_equals_capacity">
|
||||
How do I make std::vector<T>::capacity() == std::vector<T>::size?
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.iterator_as_pod"></a><a id="faq.iterator_as_pod_q"></a><p><b>7.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question" title="7.1."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.iterator_as_pod"></a><a id="faq.iterator_as_pod_q"></a><p><b>7.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
string::iterator is not char*; vector<T>::iterator is not T*
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.iterator_as_pod_a"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
If you have code that depends on container<T> iterators
|
||||
|
|
@ -739,7 +739,7 @@
|
|||
certain expressions to <code class="varname">&*i</code>. Future revisions
|
||||
of the Standard are expected to bless this usage for
|
||||
vector<> (but not for basic_string<>).
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what_is_next"></a><a id="q-what_is_next"></a><p><b>7.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="7.2."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what_is_next"></a><a id="q-what_is_next"></a><p><b>7.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
What's next after libstdc++?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-what_is_next"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Hopefully, not much. The goal of libstdc++ is to produce a
|
||||
|
|
@ -752,7 +752,7 @@
|
|||
this effort is described in
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2005/n1836.pdf" target="_top">
|
||||
The C++ Library Technical Report 1</a>.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.sgi_stl"></a><a id="q-sgi_stl"></a><p><b>7.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="7.3."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.sgi_stl"></a><a id="q-sgi_stl"></a><p><b>7.3.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
What about the STL from SGI?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-sgi_stl"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
The <a class="ulink" href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/" target="_top">STL from SGI</a>,
|
||||
|
|
@ -775,11 +775,11 @@
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
The FAQ for SGI's STL (one jump off of their main page) is
|
||||
still recommended reading.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.extensions_and_backwards_compat"></a><a id="q-extensions_and_backwards_compat"></a><p><b>7.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="7.4."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.extensions_and_backwards_compat"></a><a id="q-extensions_and_backwards_compat"></a><p><b>7.4.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Extensions and Backward Compatibility
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-extensions_and_backwards_compat"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
See the <a class="link" href="manual/backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility">link</a> on backwards compatibility and <a class="link" href="manual/api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History">link</a> on evolution.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.tr1_support"></a><a id="q-tr1_support"></a><p><b>7.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="7.5."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.tr1_support"></a><a id="q-tr1_support"></a><p><b>7.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Does libstdc++ support TR1?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-tr1_support"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Yes.
|
||||
|
|
@ -791,7 +791,7 @@
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
The implementation status of TR1 in libstdc++ can be tracked <a class="link" href="manual/status.html#status.iso.tr1" title="C++ TR1">on the TR1 status
|
||||
page</a>.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.get_iso_cxx"></a><a id="q-get_iso_cxx"></a><p><b>7.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How do I get a copy of the ISO C++ Standard?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="7.6."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.get_iso_cxx"></a><a id="q-get_iso_cxx"></a><p><b>7.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How do I get a copy of the ISO C++ Standard?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-get_iso_cxx"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
Copies of the full ISO 14882 standard are available on line via
|
||||
the ISO mirror site for committee members. Non-members, or those
|
||||
|
|
@ -810,11 +810,11 @@
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
The 2003 version of the standard (the 1998 version plus TC1) is
|
||||
available in print, ISBN 0-470-84674-7.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what_is_abi"></a><a id="q-what_is_abi"></a><p><b>7.7.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="7.7."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.what_is_abi"></a><a id="q-what_is_abi"></a><p><b>7.7.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
What's an ABI and why is it so messy?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-what_is_abi"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
<acronym class="acronym">ABI</acronym> stands for “<span class="quote">Application Binary
|
||||
Interface</span>”. Conventionally, it refers to a great
|
||||
<acronym class="acronym">ABI</acronym> stands for <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Application Binary
|
||||
Interface</span>”</span>. Conventionally, it refers to a great
|
||||
mass of details about how arguments are arranged on the call
|
||||
stack and/or in registers, and how various types are arranged
|
||||
and padded in structs. A single CPU design may suffer
|
||||
|
|
@ -836,7 +836,7 @@
|
|||
virtual function implementation, struct inheritance layout, name
|
||||
mangling, and exception handling. Such an ABI has been defined for
|
||||
GNU C++, and is immediately useful for embedded work relying only on
|
||||
a “<span class="quote">free-standing implementation</span>” that doesn't include (much
|
||||
a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">free-standing implementation</span>”</span> that doesn't include (much
|
||||
of) the standard library. It is a good basis for the work to come.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
A useful C++ ABI must also incorporate many details of the standard
|
||||
|
|
@ -858,7 +858,7 @@
|
|||
so they may later be changed. Deciding which, and implementing
|
||||
the decisions, must happen before you can reasonably document a
|
||||
candidate C++ ABI that encompasses the standard library.
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.size_equals_capacity"></a><a id="q-size_equals_capacity"></a><p><b>7.8.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="question" title="7.8."><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.size_equals_capacity"></a><a id="q-size_equals_capacity"></a><p><b>7.8.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
How do I make std::vector<T>::capacity() == std::vector<T>::size?
|
||||
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-size_equals_capacity"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
|
||||
The standard idiom for deallocating a <code class="classname">vector<T></code>'s
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>ABI Policy and Guidelines</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , ABI , version , dynamic , shared " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="test.html" title="Test" /><link rel="next" href="api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">ABI Policy and Guidelines</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="test.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>ABI Policy and Guidelines</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , ABI , version , dynamic , shared , compatibility " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="test.html" title="Test" /><link rel="next" href="api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">ABI Policy and Guidelines</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="test.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B.
|
||||
Porting and Maintenance
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="api.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.abi"></a>ABI Policy and Guidelines</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.cxx_interface"></a>The C++ Interface</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="api.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="ABI Policy and Guidelines"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.abi"></a>ABI Policy and Guidelines</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="The C++ Interface"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.cxx_interface"></a>The C++ Interface</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
C++ applications often dependent on specific language support
|
||||
routines, say for throwing exceptions, or catching exceptions, and
|
||||
perhaps also dependent on features in the C++ Standard Library.
|
||||
|
|
@ -42,9 +42,9 @@
|
|||
library ABI, which is the compilation of a given library API by a
|
||||
given compiler ABI. In a nutshell:
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
“<span class="quote">
|
||||
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">
|
||||
library API + compiler ABI = library ABI
|
||||
</span>”
|
||||
</span>”</span>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
The library ABI is mostly of interest for end-users who have
|
||||
unresolved symbols and are linking dynamically to the C++ Standard
|
||||
|
|
@ -58,10 +58,10 @@ given compiler ABI. In a nutshell:
|
|||
To use a specific version of the C++ ABI, one must use a
|
||||
corresponding GNU C++ toolchain (i.e., g++ and libstdc++) that
|
||||
implements the C++ ABI in question.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning"></a>Versioning</h3></div></div></div><p> The C++ interface has evolved throughout the history of the GNU
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Versioning"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning"></a>Versioning</h3></div></div></div><p> The C++ interface has evolved throughout the history of the GNU
|
||||
C++ toolchain. With each release, various details have been changed so
|
||||
as to give distinct versions to the C++ interface.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.goals"></a>Goals</h4></div></div></div><p>Extending existing, stable ABIs. Versioning gives subsequent
|
||||
</p><div class="sect3" title="Goals"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.goals"></a>Goals</h4></div></div></div><p>Extending existing, stable ABIs. Versioning gives subsequent
|
||||
releases of library binaries the ability to add new symbols and add
|
||||
functionality, all the while retaining compatibility with the previous
|
||||
releases in the series. Thus, program binaries linked with the initial
|
||||
|
|
@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ binary in a release series (with additional symbols added), substitute
|
|||
in the initial release of the library binary, and remain link
|
||||
compatible.
|
||||
</p><p>Allows multiple, incompatible ABIs to coexist at the same time.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.history"></a>History</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="History"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.history"></a>History</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
How can this complexity be managed? What does C++ versioning mean?
|
||||
Because library and compiler changes often make binaries compiled
|
||||
with one version of the GNU tools incompatible with binaries
|
||||
|
|
@ -84,17 +84,17 @@ compatible.
|
|||
easier.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
The following techniques are used:
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Release versioning on the libgcc_s.so binary. </p><p>This is implemented via file names and the ELF
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Release versioning on the libgcc_s.so binary. </p><p>This is implemented via file names and the ELF
|
||||
<code class="constant">DT_SONAME</code> mechanism (at least on ELF
|
||||
systems). It is versioned as follows:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.0: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.1: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.2: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.3: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.4: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.0: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.1: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.0: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.1: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.2: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.3: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.0: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.1: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.2: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.3: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.[0-3].x: on m68k-linux and
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.0: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.1: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.2: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.3: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.4: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.1.0: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.1.1: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.0: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.1: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.2: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.3: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.0: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.1: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.2: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.3: libgcc_s.so.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.[0-5].x: on m68k-linux and
|
||||
hppa-linux this is either libgcc_s.so.1 (when configuring
|
||||
<code class="code">--with-sjlj-exceptions</code>) or libgcc_s.so.2. For all
|
||||
others, this is libgcc_s.so.1. </p></li></ul></div></li><li><p>Symbol versioning on the libgcc_s.so binary.</p><p>It is versioned with the following labels and version
|
||||
others, this is libgcc_s.so.1. </p></li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>Symbol versioning on the libgcc_s.so binary.</p><p>It is versioned with the following labels and version
|
||||
definitions, where the version definition is the maximum for a
|
||||
particular release. Labels are cumulative. If a particular release
|
||||
is not listed, it has the same version labels as the preceding
|
||||
release.</p><p>This corresponds to the mapfile: gcc/libgcc-std.ver</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.0: GCC_3.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.0: GCC_3.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.1: GCC_3.3.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.2: GCC_3.3.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.4: GCC_3.3.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.0: GCC_3.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.2: GCC_3.4.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.4: GCC_3.4.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.0: GCC_4.0.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.0: GCC_4.1.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.0: GCC_4.2.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.3.0: GCC_4.3.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.4.0: GCC_4.4.0</p></li></ul></div></li><li><p>
|
||||
release.</p><p>This corresponds to the mapfile: gcc/libgcc-std.ver</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.0: GCC_3.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.0: GCC_3.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.1: GCC_3.3.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.2: GCC_3.3.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.4: GCC_3.3.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.0: GCC_3.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.2: GCC_3.4.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.4: GCC_3.4.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.0: GCC_4.0.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.1.0: GCC_4.1.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.0: GCC_4.2.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.0: GCC_4.3.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.4.0: GCC_4.4.0</p></li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Release versioning on the libstdc++.so binary, implemented in
|
||||
the same was as the libgcc_s.so binary above. Listed is the
|
||||
filename: <code class="constant">DT_SONAME</code> can be deduced from
|
||||
|
|
@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ compatible.
|
|||
the table below, releases incompatible with the previous
|
||||
one are explicitly noted.
|
||||
</p><p>It is versioned as follows:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.0: libstdc++.so.3.0.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.1: libstdc++.so.3.0.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.2: libstdc++.so.3.0.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.3: libstdc++.so.3.0.2 (See Note 1)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.4: libstdc++.so.3.0.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.0: libstdc++.so.4.0.0 <span class="emphasis"><em>(Incompatible with previous)</em></span></p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.1: libstdc++.so.4.0.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.0: libstdc++.so.5.0.0 <span class="emphasis"><em>(Incompatible with previous)</em></span></p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.1: libstdc++.so.5.0.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.2: libstdc++.so.5.0.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.3: libstdc++.so.5.0.3 (See Note 2)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.0: libstdc++.so.5.0.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.1: libstdc++.so.5.0.5</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.2: libstdc++.so.5.0.5</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.3: libstdc++.so.5.0.5</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.0 <span class="emphasis"><em>(Incompatible with previous)</em></span></p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.4: libstdc++.so.6.0.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.5: libstdc++.so.6.0.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.6: libstdc++.so.6.0.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.5</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.6</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.7</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.7</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.8</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.8</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.9</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.9 (See Note 3)</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.9</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.9</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.4: libstdc++.so.6.0.9</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.3.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.10</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.3.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.10</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.3.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.10</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.3.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.10</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.4.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.11</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.0: libstdc++.so.3.0.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.1: libstdc++.so.3.0.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.2: libstdc++.so.3.0.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.3: libstdc++.so.3.0.2 (See Note 1)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.4: libstdc++.so.3.0.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.1.0: libstdc++.so.4.0.0 <span class="emphasis"><em>(Incompatible with previous)</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.1.1: libstdc++.so.4.0.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.0: libstdc++.so.5.0.0 <span class="emphasis"><em>(Incompatible with previous)</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.1: libstdc++.so.5.0.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.2: libstdc++.so.5.0.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.3: libstdc++.so.5.0.3 (See Note 2)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.0: libstdc++.so.5.0.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.1: libstdc++.so.5.0.5</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.2: libstdc++.so.5.0.5</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.3: libstdc++.so.5.0.5</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.0 <span class="emphasis"><em>(Incompatible with previous)</em></span></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.4: libstdc++.so.6.0.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.5: libstdc++.so.6.0.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.6: libstdc++.so.6.0.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.5</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.6</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.7</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.1.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.7</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.1.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.8</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.1.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.8</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.9</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.9 (See Note 3)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.9</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.9</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.4: libstdc++.so.6.0.9</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.10</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.10</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.10</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.3: libstdc++.so.6.0.10</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.4: libstdc++.so.6.0.10</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.4.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.11</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.4.1: libstdc++.so.6.0.12</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.4.2: libstdc++.so.6.0.13</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.5.0: libstdc++.so.6.0.14</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
Note 1: Error should be libstdc++.so.3.0.3.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Note 2: Not strictly required.
|
||||
|
|
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ compatible.
|
|||
Note 3: This release (but not previous or subsequent) has one
|
||||
known incompatibility, see <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=33678" target="_top">33678</a>
|
||||
in the GCC bug database.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>Symbol versioning on the libstdc++.so binary.</p><p>mapfile: libstdc++/config/linker-map.gnu</p><p>It is versioned with the following labels and version
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Symbol versioning on the libstdc++.so binary.</p><p>mapfile: libstdc++/config/linker-map.gnu</p><p>It is versioned with the following labels and version
|
||||
definitions, where the version definition is the maximum for a
|
||||
particular release. Note, only symbol which are newly introduced
|
||||
will use the maximum version definition. Thus, for release series
|
||||
|
|
@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ compatible.
|
|||
GLIBCPP_3.2 for symbols that were introduced in the gcc-3.2.0
|
||||
release.) If a particular release is not listed, it has the same
|
||||
version labels as the preceding release.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.0: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.1: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.2: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.3: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.4: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.0: GLIBCPP_3.1, CXXABI_1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.1: GLIBCPP_3.1, CXXABI_1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.0: GLIBCPP_3.2, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.1: GLIBCPP_3.2.1, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.2: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.3: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.0: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.1: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.2: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.3: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.0: GLIBCXX_3.4, CXXABI_1.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.1, CXXABI_1.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.2: GLIBCXX_3.4.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.3: GLIBCXX_3.4.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.4, CXXABI_1.3.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.5</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.2: GLIBCXX_3.4.6</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.3: GLIBCXX_3.4.7</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.8</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.9</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.3.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.10, CXXABI_1.3.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.4.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.11, CXXABI_1.3.3</p></li></ul></div></li><li><p>Incremental bumping of a compiler pre-defined macro,
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.0: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.1: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.2: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.3: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.4: (Error, not versioned)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.1.0: GLIBCPP_3.1, CXXABI_1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.1.1: GLIBCPP_3.1, CXXABI_1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.0: GLIBCPP_3.2, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.1: GLIBCPP_3.2.1, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.2: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.3: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.0: GLIBCPP_3.2.2, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.1: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.2: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.3: GLIBCPP_3.2.3, CXXABI_1.2.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.0: GLIBCXX_3.4, CXXABI_1.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.1, CXXABI_1.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.2: GLIBCXX_3.4.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.3: GLIBCXX_3.4.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.4, CXXABI_1.3.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.5</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.2: GLIBCXX_3.4.6</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.3: GLIBCXX_3.4.7</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.1.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.8</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.9</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.10, CXXABI_1.3.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.4.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.11, CXXABI_1.3.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.4.1: GLIBCXX_3.4.12, CXXABI_1.3.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.4.2: GLIBCXX_3.4.13, CXXABI_1.3.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.5.0: GLIBCXX_3.4.14, CXXABI_1.3.4</p></li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>Incremental bumping of a compiler pre-defined macro,
|
||||
__GXX_ABI_VERSION. This macro is defined as the version of the
|
||||
compiler v3 ABI, with g++ 3.0.x being version 100. This macro will
|
||||
be automatically defined whenever g++ is used (the curious can
|
||||
|
|
@ -136,11 +136,11 @@ compatible.
|
|||
'-fabi-version' command line option.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
It is versioned as follows, where 'n' is given by '-fabi-version=n':
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.x: 100</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.x: 100 (Error, should be 101)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.x: 102</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.x: 102</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.[0-3].x: 102 (when n=1)</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.[0-3].x: 1000 + n (when n>1) </p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.[0-3].x: 999999 (when n=0)</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li><p>Changes to the default compiler option for
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.x: 100</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.1.x: 100 (Error, should be 101)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.x: 102</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.x: 102</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.[0-5].x: 102 (when n=1)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.[0-5].x: 1000 + n (when n>1) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.[0-5].x: 999999 (when n=0)</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Changes to the default compiler option for
|
||||
<code class="code">-fabi-version</code>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
It is versioned as follows:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.x: (Error, not versioned) </p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.x: (Error, not versioned) </p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.x: <code class="code">-fabi-version=1</code></p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.x: <code class="code">-fabi-version=1</code></p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.[0-3].x: <code class="code">-fabi-version=2</code> <span class="emphasis"><em>(Incompatible with previous)</em></span></p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li><p>Incremental bumping of a library pre-defined macro. For releases
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.x: (Error, not versioned) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.1.x: (Error, not versioned) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.x: <code class="code">-fabi-version=1</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.x: <code class="code">-fabi-version=1</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.x, gcc-4.[0-5].x: <code class="code">-fabi-version=2</code> <span class="emphasis"><em>(Incompatible with previous)</em></span></p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Incremental bumping of a library pre-defined macro. For releases
|
||||
before 3.4.0, the macro is __GLIBCPP__. For later releases, it's
|
||||
__GLIBCXX__. (The libstdc++ project generously changed from CPP to
|
||||
CXX throughout its source to allow the "C" pre-processor the CPP
|
||||
|
|
@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ compatible.
|
|||
the same value as gcc/DATESTAMP.)
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
It is versioned as follows:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.0: 20010615</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.1: 20010819</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.2: 20011023</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.3: 20011220</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.4: 20020220</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.0: 20020514</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.1: 20020725</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.0: 20020814</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.1: 20021119</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.2: 20030205</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.3: 20030422</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.0: 20030513</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.1: 20030804</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.2: 20031016</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.3: 20040214</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.0: 20040419</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.1: 20040701</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.2: 20040906</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.3: 20041105</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.4: 20050519</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.5: 20051201</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.6: 20060306</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.0: 20050421</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.1: 20050707</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.2: 20050921</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.3: 20060309</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.0: 20060228</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.1: 20060524</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.2: 20070214</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.0: 20070514</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.1: 20070719</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.2: 20071007</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.3: 20080201</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.4: 20080519</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.3.0: 20080306</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.3.1: 20080606</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.3.2: 20080827</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.3.3: 20090124</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.4.0: 20090421</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.0: 20010615</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.1: 20010819</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.2: 20011023</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.3: 20011220</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.4: 20020220</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.1.0: 20020514</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.1.1: 20020725</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.0: 20020814</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.1: 20021119</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.2: 20030205</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.3: 20030422</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.0: 20030513</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.1: 20030804</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.2: 20031016</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.3: 20040214</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.0: 20040419</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.1: 20040701</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.2: 20040906</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.3: 20041105</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.4: 20050519</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.5: 20051201</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.6: 20060306</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.0: 20050421</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.1: 20050707</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.2: 20050921</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.3: 20060309</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.1.0: 20060228</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.1.1: 20060524</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.1.2: 20070214</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.0: 20070514</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.1: 20070719</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.2: 20071007</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.3: 20080201</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.4: 20080519</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.0: 20080306</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.1: 20080606</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.2: 20080827</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.3: 20090124</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.4.0: 20090421</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.4.1: 20090722</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.4.2: 20091015</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Incremental bumping of a library pre-defined macro,
|
||||
_GLIBCPP_VERSION. This macro is defined as the released version of
|
||||
the library, as a string literal. This is only implemented in
|
||||
|
|
@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ compatible.
|
|||
of config.h.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
It is versioned as follows:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.0: "3.0.0"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.1: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.1")</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.2: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.2")</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.3: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.3")</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.4: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.4")</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.0: "3.1.0"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.1: "3.1.1"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.0: "3.2"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.1: "3.2.1"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.2: "3.2.2"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.3: "3.2.3"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.0: "3.3"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.1: "3.3.1"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.2: "3.3.2"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.3: "3.3.3"</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.x: "version-unused"</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.[0-3].x: "version-unused"</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.0: "3.0.0"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.1: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.1")</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.2: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.2")</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.3: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.3")</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.4: "3.0.0" (Error, should be "3.0.4")</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.1.0: "3.1.0"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.1.1: "3.1.1"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.0: "3.2"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.1: "3.2.1"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.2: "3.2.2"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.3: "3.2.3"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.0: "3.3"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.1: "3.3.1"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.2: "3.3.2"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.3: "3.3.3"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.x: "version-unused"</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.[0-5].x: "version-unused"</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Matching each specific C++ compiler release to a specific set of
|
||||
C++ include files. This is only implemented in gcc-3.1.1 releases
|
||||
and higher.
|
||||
|
|
@ -178,13 +178,13 @@ compatible.
|
|||
file's macro GLIBCXX_CONFIGURE (GLIBCPP_CONFIGURE before gcc-3.4.0).
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
C++ includes are versioned as follows:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>gcc-3.0.0: include/g++-v3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.1: include/g++-v3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.2: include/g++-v3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.3: include/g++-v3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.0.4: include/g++-v3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.0: include/g++-v3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.1.1: include/c++/3.1.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.0: include/c++/3.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.1: include/c++/3.2.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.2: include/c++/3.2.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.2.3: include/c++/3.2.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.0: include/c++/3.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.1: include/c++/3.3.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.2: include/c++/3.3.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.3.3: include/c++/3.3.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.0: include/c++/3.4.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.1: include/c++/3.4.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.2: include/c++/3.4.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.3: include/c++/3.4.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.4: include/c++/3.4.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.5: include/c++/3.4.5</p></li><li><p>gcc-3.4.6: include/c++/3.4.6</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.0: include/c++/4.0.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.1: include/c++/4.0.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.2: include/c++/4.0.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.0.3: include/c++/4.0.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.0: include/c++/4.1.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.1: include/c++/4.1.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.1.2: include/c++/4.1.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.0: include/c++/4.2.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.1: include/c++/4.2.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.2: include/c++/4.2.2</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.3: include/c++/4.2.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.2.4: include/c++/4.2.4</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.3.0: include/c++/4.3.0</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.3.1: include/c++/4.3.1</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.3.3: include/c++/4.3.3</p></li><li><p>gcc-4.4.0: include/c++/4.4.0</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li></ol></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.0: include/g++-v3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.1: include/g++-v3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.2: include/g++-v3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.3: include/g++-v3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.0.4: include/g++-v3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.1.0: include/g++-v3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.1.1: include/c++/3.1.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.0: include/c++/3.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.1: include/c++/3.2.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.2: include/c++/3.2.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.2.3: include/c++/3.2.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.0: include/c++/3.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.1: include/c++/3.3.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.2: include/c++/3.3.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.3.3: include/c++/3.3.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.0: include/c++/3.4.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.1: include/c++/3.4.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.2: include/c++/3.4.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.3: include/c++/3.4.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.4: include/c++/3.4.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.5: include/c++/3.4.5</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-3.4.6: include/c++/3.4.6</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.0: include/c++/4.0.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.1: include/c++/4.0.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.2: include/c++/4.0.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.0.3: include/c++/4.0.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.1.0: include/c++/4.1.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.1.1: include/c++/4.1.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.1.2: include/c++/4.1.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.0: include/c++/4.2.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.1: include/c++/4.2.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.2: include/c++/4.2.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.3: include/c++/4.2.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.2.4: include/c++/4.2.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.0: include/c++/4.3.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.1: include/c++/4.3.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.3: include/c++/4.3.3</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.3.4: include/c++/4.3.4</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.4.0: include/c++/4.4.0</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.4.1: include/c++/4.4.1</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.4.2: include/c++/4.4.2</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>gcc-4.5.0: include/c++/4.5.0</p></li></ul></div><p></p></li></ol></div><p>
|
||||
Taken together, these techniques can accurately specify interface
|
||||
and implementation changes in the GNU C++ tools themselves. Used
|
||||
properly, they allow both the GNU C++ tools implementation, and
|
||||
programs using them, an evolving yet controlled development that
|
||||
maintains backward compatibility.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Prerequisites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Minimum environment that supports a versioned ABI: A supported
|
||||
dynamic linker, a GNU linker of sufficient vintage to understand
|
||||
demangled C++ name globbing (ld), a shared executable compiled
|
||||
|
|
@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ compatible.
|
|||
Most modern Linux and BSD versions, particularly ones using
|
||||
gcc-3.1.x tools and more recent vintages, will meet the
|
||||
requirements above.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.config"></a>Configuring</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Configuring"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.config"></a>Configuring</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
It turns out that most of the configure options that change
|
||||
default behavior will impact the mangled names of exported
|
||||
symbols, and thus impact versioning and compatibility.
|
||||
|
|
@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ compatible.
|
|||
attempts to make sure that all the requirement for symbol
|
||||
versioning are in place. For more information, please consult
|
||||
acinclude.m4.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.active"></a>Checking Active</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Checking Active"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.versioning.active"></a>Checking Active</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
When the GNU C++ library is being built with symbol versioning
|
||||
on, you should see the following at configure time for
|
||||
libstdc++:
|
||||
|
|
@ -252,29 +252,29 @@ If you see symbols in the resulting output with "GLIBCXX_3" as part
|
|||
of the name, then the executable is versioned. Here's an example:
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">U _ZNSt8ios_base4InitC1Ev@@GLIBCXX_3.4</code>
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.changes_allowed"></a>Allowed Changes</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Allowed Changes"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.changes_allowed"></a>Allowed Changes</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The following will cause the library minor version number to
|
||||
increase, say from "libstdc++.so.3.0.4" to "libstdc++.so.3.0.5".
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Adding an exported global or static data member</p></li><li><p>Adding an exported function, static or non-virtual member function</p></li><li><p>Adding an exported symbol or symbols by additional instantiations</p></li></ol></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Adding an exported global or static data member</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Adding an exported function, static or non-virtual member function</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Adding an exported symbol or symbols by additional instantiations</p></li></ol></div><p>
|
||||
Other allowed changes are possible.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.changes_no"></a>Prohibited Changes</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Prohibited Changes"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.changes_no"></a>Prohibited Changes</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The following non-exhaustive list will cause the library major version
|
||||
number to increase, say from "libstdc++.so.3.0.4" to
|
||||
"libstdc++.so.4.0.0".
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Changes in the gcc/g++ compiler ABI</p></li><li><p>Changing size of an exported symbol</p></li><li><p>Changing alignment of an exported symbol</p></li><li><p>Changing the layout of an exported symbol</p></li><li><p>Changing mangling on an exported symbol</p></li><li><p>Deleting an exported symbol</p></li><li><p>Changing the inheritance properties of a type by adding or removing
|
||||
base classes</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Changes in the gcc/g++ compiler ABI</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Changing size of an exported symbol</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Changing alignment of an exported symbol</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Changing the layout of an exported symbol</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Changing mangling on an exported symbol</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Deleting an exported symbol</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Changing the inheritance properties of a type by adding or removing
|
||||
base classes</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Changing the size, alignment, or layout of types
|
||||
specified in the C++ standard. These may not necessarily be
|
||||
instantiated or otherwise exported in the library binary, and
|
||||
include all the required locale facets, as well as things like
|
||||
std::basic_streambuf, et al.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p> Adding an explicit copy constructor or destructor to a
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p> Adding an explicit copy constructor or destructor to a
|
||||
class that would otherwise have implicit versions. This will change
|
||||
the way the compiler deals with this class in by-value return
|
||||
statements or parameters: instead of being passing instances of this
|
||||
class in registers, the compiler will be forced to use memory. See <a class="ulink" href="http://www.codesourcery.com/cxx-abi/abi.html#calls" target="_top"> this part</a>
|
||||
of the C++ ABI documentation for further details.
|
||||
</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Separation of interface and implementation
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
This is accomplished by two techniques that separate the API from
|
||||
|
|
@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ class in registers, the compiler will be forced to use memory. See <a class="uli
|
|||
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
|
||||
In addition, these techniques have the additional benefit that they
|
||||
reduce binary size, which can increase runtime performance.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Namespaces linking symbol definitions to export mapfiles
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
All symbols in the shared library binary are processed by a
|
||||
|
|
@ -320,9 +320,9 @@ class in registers, the compiler will be forced to use memory. See <a class="uli
|
|||
exceptional symbols are allowed to be visible.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code></span></dt><dd><p> Defaults to not exporting any symbols in label
|
||||
<code class="code">GLIBCXX</code>, select items are allowed to be visible.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">namespace __gnu_internal</code></span></dt><dd><p> Defaults to not exported, no items are allowed to be visible.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">namespace __cxxabiv1</code>, aliased to <code class="code"> namespace abi</code></span></dt><dd><p> Defaults to not exporting any symbols in label
|
||||
<code class="code">CXXABI</code>, select items are allowed to be visible.</p></dd></dl></div><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>Freezing the API</p><p>Disallowed changes, as above, are not made on a stable release
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Freezing the API</p><p>Disallowed changes, as above, are not made on a stable release
|
||||
branch. Enforcement tends to be less strict with GNU extensions that
|
||||
standard includes.</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.testing"></a>Testing</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.testing.single"></a>Single ABI Testing</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
standard includes.</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Testing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.testing"></a>Testing</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Single ABI Testing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.testing.single"></a>Single ABI Testing</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Testing for GNU C++ ABI changes is composed of two distinct
|
||||
areas: testing the C++ compiler (g++) for compiler changes, and
|
||||
testing the C++ library (libstdc++) for library changes.
|
||||
|
|
@ -388,7 +388,7 @@ and other detailed data is not displayed with this flag.
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
Perhaps there are other C++ ABI checkers. If so, please notify
|
||||
us. We'd like to know about them!
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.testing.multi"></a>Multiple ABI Testing</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Multiple ABI Testing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="abi.testing.multi"></a>Multiple ABI Testing</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
A "C" application, dynamically linked to two shared libraries, liba,
|
||||
libb. The dependent library liba is C++ shared library compiled with
|
||||
gcc-3.3.x, and uses io, exceptions, locale, etc. The dependent library
|
||||
|
|
@ -451,7 +451,7 @@ gcc test.c -g -O2 -L. -lone -ltwo /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.
|
|||
This resulting binary, when executed, will be able to safely use
|
||||
code from both liba, and the dependent libstdc++.so.6, and libb,
|
||||
with the dependent libstdc++.so.5.
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.issues"></a>Outstanding Issues</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Outstanding Issues"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.issues"></a>Outstanding Issues</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Some features in the C++ language make versioning especially
|
||||
difficult. In particular, compiler generated constructs such as
|
||||
implicit instantiations for templates, typeinfo information, and
|
||||
|
|
@ -464,56 +464,56 @@ gcc test.c -g -O2 -L. -lone -ltwo /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.
|
|||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR24660" target="_top">24660: versioning weak symbols in libstdc++</a>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR19664" target="_top">19664: libstdc++ headers should have pop/push of the visibility around the declarations</a>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id658186"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="bibliography" title="Bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry" title="ABIcheck, a vague idea of checking ABI compatibility"><a id="id442262"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
ABIcheck, a vague idea of checking ABI compatibility
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://abicheck.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id658203"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="C++ ABI Reference"><a id="id442280"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
C++ ABI Reference
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.codesourcery.com/public/cxx-abi/" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id658220"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Intel® Compilers for Linux* -Compatibility with the GNU Compilers"><a id="id442297"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Intel® Compilers for Linux* -Compatibility with the GNU Compilers
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.intel.com/cd/software/products/asmo-na/eng/284736.htm" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id658238"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Sun Solaris 2.9 : Linker and Libraries Guide (document 816-1386)"><a id="id442314"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Sun Solaris 2.9 : Linker and Libraries Guide (document 816-1386)
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/817-1984" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id658254"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Sun Solaris 2.9 : C++ Migration Guide (document 816-2459)"><a id="id442331"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Sun Solaris 2.9 : C++ Migration Guide (document 816-2459)
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/819-5266" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id658272"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="How to Write Shared Libraries"><a id="id442348"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
How to Write Shared Libraries
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://people.redhat.com/drepper/dsohowto.pdf" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id675905"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="C++ ABI for the ARM Architecture"><a id="id442376"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
C++ ABI for the ARM Architecture
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.arm.com/miscPDFs/8033.pdf" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id675922"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Dynamic Shared Objects: Survey and Issues"><a id="id442393"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Dynamic Shared Objects: Survey and Issues
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
|
||||
ISO C++ J16/06-0046
|
||||
. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Benjamin</span> <span class="surname">Kosnik</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n1976.html" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id675954"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Versioning With Namespaces"><a id="id461984"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Versioning With Namespaces
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
|
||||
ISO C++ J16/06-0083
|
||||
. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Benjamin</span> <span class="surname">Kosnik</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n2013.html" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id675987"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Binary Compatibility of Shared Libraries Implemented in C++ on GNU/Linux Systems"><a id="id462017"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Binary Compatibility of Shared Libraries Implemented in C++ on GNU/Linux Systems
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
|
||||
SYRCoSE 2009
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part IX. Algorithms</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library , algorithm " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html" title="One Past the End" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt09pr02.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part IX.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part IX. Algorithms</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library , algorithm " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html" title="One Past the End" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt09pr02.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part IX.
|
||||
Algorithms
|
||||
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.algorithms"></a>Part IX.
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" title="Part IX. Algorithms"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.algorithms"></a>Part IX.
|
||||
Algorithms
|
||||
<a id="id721514" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt09pr02.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html">20. Mutating</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap">swap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">One Past the End </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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||||
<a id="id455873" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt09pr02.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html">20. Mutating</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap"><code class="function">swap</code></a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">One Past the End </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>API Evolution and Deprecation History</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, api, evolution, deprecation, history" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="abi.html" title="ABI Policy and Guidelines" /><link rel="next" href="backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">API Evolution and Deprecation History</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="abi.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>API Evolution and Deprecation History</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, api, evolution, deprecation, history" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="abi.html" title="ABI Policy and Guidelines" /><link rel="next" href="backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">API Evolution and Deprecation History</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="abi.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B.
|
||||
Porting and Maintenance
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="backwards.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.api"></a>API Evolution and Deprecation History</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="backwards.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.api"></a>API Evolution and Deprecation History</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
A list of user-visible changes, in chronological order
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_300"></a><code class="constant">3.0</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="3.0"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_300"></a><code class="constant">3.0</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Extensions moved to <code class="filename">include/ext</code>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Include files from the SGI/HP sources that pre-date the ISO standard
|
||||
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ the <code class="filename">include/backward</code> directory and a deprecated wa
|
|||
is added that notifies on inclusion (<code class="literal">-Wno-deprecated</code>
|
||||
deactivates the warning.)
|
||||
</p><p>Deprecated include <code class="filename">backward/strstream</code> added.</p><p>Removal of include <code class="filename">builtinbuf.h</code>, <code class="filename">indstream.h</code>, <code class="filename">parsestream.h</code>, <code class="filename">PlotFile.h</code>, <code class="filename">SFile.h</code>, <code class="filename">stdiostream.h</code>, and <code class="filename">stream.h</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_310"></a><code class="constant">3.1</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="3.1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_310"></a><code class="constant">3.1</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Extensions from SGI/HP moved from <code class="code">namespace std</code>
|
||||
to <code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code>. As part of this, the following
|
||||
|
|
@ -26,15 +26,15 @@ Extensions to <code class="code">basic_filebuf</code> introduced: <code class="c
|
|||
Extensions to tree data structures added in <code class="filename">ext/rb_tree</code>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Removal of <code class="filename">ext/tree</code>, moved to <code class="filename">backward/tree.h</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_320"></a><code class="constant">3.2</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="3.2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_320"></a><code class="constant">3.2</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>Symbol versioning introduced for shared library.</p><p>Removal of include <code class="filename">backward/strstream.h</code>.</p><p>Allocator changes. Change <code class="code">__malloc_alloc</code> to <code class="code">malloc_allocator</code> and <code class="code">__new_alloc</code> to <code class="code">new_allocator</code>. </p><p> For GCC releases from 2.95 through the 3.1 series, defining
|
||||
<code class="literal">__USE_MALLOC</code> on the gcc command line would change the
|
||||
default allocation strategy to instead use <code class="code"> malloc</code> and
|
||||
<code class="function">free</code>. (This same functionality is now spelled <code class="literal">_GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW</code>, see
|
||||
<a class="link" href="using_macros.html" title="Macros">this page</a>
|
||||
for details.
|
||||
</p><p>Error handling in iostreams cleaned up, made consistent. </p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_330"></a><code class="constant">3.3</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_340"></a><code class="constant">3.4</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>Error handling in iostreams cleaned up, made consistent. </p></div><div class="sect2" title="3.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_330"></a><code class="constant">3.3</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="3.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_340"></a><code class="constant">3.4</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Large file support.
|
||||
</p><p> Extensions for generic characters and <code class="code">char_traits</code> added in <code class="filename">ext/pod_char_traits.h</code>.
|
||||
|
|
@ -75,11 +75,11 @@ _Alloc_traits</code> have been removed.
|
|||
<span class="type">__alloc</span> to select an underlying allocator that
|
||||
satisfied memory allocation requests. The selection of this
|
||||
underlying allocator was not user-configurable.
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id623096"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.1. Extension Allocators</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator (3.4)</th><th align="left">Header (3.4)</th><th align="left">Allocator (3.[0-3])</th><th align="left">Header (3.[0-3])</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::new_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/new_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__new_alloc</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/malloc_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__malloc_alloc_template<int></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::debug_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/debug_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::debug_alloc<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__pool_alloc<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/pool_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__default_alloc_template<bool,int></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/mt_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::bitmap_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/bitmap_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p> Releases after gcc-3.4 have continued to add to the collection
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id516151"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.1. Extension Allocators</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator (3.4)</th><th align="left">Header (3.4)</th><th align="left">Allocator (3.[0-3])</th><th align="left">Header (3.[0-3])</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::new_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/new_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__new_alloc</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/malloc_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__malloc_alloc_template<int></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::debug_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/debug_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::debug_alloc<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__pool_alloc<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/pool_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__default_alloc_template<bool,int></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/mt_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::bitmap_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/bitmap_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p> Releases after gcc-3.4 have continued to add to the collection
|
||||
of available allocators. All of these new allocators are
|
||||
standard-style. The following table includes details, along with
|
||||
the first released version of GCC that included the extension allocator.
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id721371"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.2. Extension Allocators Continued</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators Continued" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator</th><th align="left">Include</th><th align="left">Version</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::array_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/array_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/throw_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.2.0</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id535166"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.2. Extension Allocators Continued</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators Continued" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator</th><th align="left">Include</th><th align="left">Version</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::array_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/array_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator<T></code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/throw_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.2.0</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
|
||||
Debug mode first appears.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Precompiled header support <acronym class="acronym">PCH</acronym> support.
|
||||
|
|
@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ Macro guard for changed, from <code class="literal">_GLIBCPP_</code> to <code cl
|
|||
Extension <code class="filename">ext/stdio_sync_filebuf.h</code> added.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Extension <code class="filename">ext/demangle.h</code> added.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_400"></a><code class="constant">4.0</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="4.0"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_400"></a><code class="constant">4.0</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
TR1 features first appear.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -98,14 +98,14 @@ Extension allocator <code class="filename">ext/array_allocator.h</code> added.
|
|||
Extension <code class="code">codecvt</code> specializations moved to <code class="filename">ext/codecvt_specializations.h</code>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Removal of <code class="filename">ext/demangle.h</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_410"></a><code class="constant">4.1</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="4.1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_410"></a><code class="constant">4.1</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Removal of <code class="filename">cassert</code> from all standard headers: now has to be explicitly included for <code class="code">std::assert</code> calls.
|
||||
</p><p> Extensions for policy-based data structures first added. New includes,
|
||||
types, namespace <code class="code">pb_assoc</code>.
|
||||
</p><p> Extensions for typelists added in <code class="filename">ext/typelist.h</code>.
|
||||
</p><p> Extension for policy-based <code class="code">basic_string</code> first added: <code class="code">__gnu_cxx::__versa_string</code> in <code class="filename">ext/vstring.h</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_420"></a><code class="constant">4.2</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="4.2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_420"></a><code class="constant">4.2</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p> Default visibility attributes applied to <code class="code">namespace std</code>. Support for <code class="code">-fvisibility</code>.
|
||||
</p><p>TR1 <code class="filename">random</code>, <code class="filename">complex</code>, and C compatibility headers added.</p><p> Extensions for concurrent programming consolidated
|
||||
into <code class="filename">ext/concurrence.h</code> and <code class="filename">ext/atomicity.h</code>,
|
||||
|
|
@ -120,24 +120,25 @@ types, namespace moved to <code class="code">__pb_ds</code>.
|
|||
std::__debug</code> and extensions in <code class="code">namespace
|
||||
__gnu_cxx::__debug</code>.</p><p> Extensions added: <code class="filename">ext/typelist.h</code>
|
||||
and <code class="filename">ext/throw_allocator.h</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_430"></a><code class="constant">4.3</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="4.3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_430"></a><code class="constant">4.3</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
C++0X features first appear.
|
||||
</p><p>TR1 <code class="filename">regex</code> and <code class="filename">cmath</code>'s mathematical special function added.</p><p>
|
||||
</p><p>TR1 <code class="filename">regex</code> and <code class="filename">cmath</code>'s mathematical special function added.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Backward include edit.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Removed</p><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>Removed</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="filename">algobase.h</code> <code class="filename">algo.h</code> <code class="filename">alloc.h</code> <code class="filename">bvector.h</code> <code class="filename">complex.h</code>
|
||||
<code class="filename">defalloc.h</code> <code class="filename">deque.h</code> <code class="filename">fstream.h</code> <code class="filename">function.h</code> <code class="filename">hash_map.h</code> <code class="filename">hash_set.h</code>
|
||||
<code class="filename">hashtable.h</code> <code class="filename">heap.h</code> <code class="filename">iomanip.h</code> <code class="filename">iostream.h</code> <code class="filename">istream.h</code> <code class="filename">iterator.h</code>
|
||||
<code class="filename">list.h</code> <code class="filename">map.h</code> <code class="filename">multimap.h</code> <code class="filename">multiset.h</code> <code class="filename">new.h</code> <code class="filename">ostream.h</code> <code class="filename">pair.h</code> <code class="filename">queue.h</code> <code class="filename">rope.h</code> <code class="filename">set.h</code> <code class="filename">slist.h</code> <code class="filename">stack.h</code> <code class="filename">streambuf.h</code> <code class="filename">stream.h</code> <code class="filename">tempbuf.h</code>
|
||||
<code class="filename">tree.h</code> <code class="filename">vector.h</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>Added</p><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Added</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="filename">hash_map</code> and <code class="filename">hash_set</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>Added in C++0x</p><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Added in C++0x</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="filename">auto_ptr.h</code> and <code class="filename">binders.h</code>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
Header dependency streamlining.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="filename">algorithm</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">climits</code>, <code class="filename">cstring</code>, or <code class="filename">iosfwd</code> </p></li><li><p><code class="filename">bitset</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">istream</code> or <code class="filename">ostream</code>, adds <code class="filename">iosfwd</code> </p></li><li><p><code class="filename">functional</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">cstddef</code></p></li><li><p><code class="filename">iomanip</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">istream</code>, <code class="filename">istream</code>, or <code class="filename">functional</code>, adds <code class="filename">ioswd</code> </p></li><li><p><code class="filename">numeric</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">iterator</code></p></li><li><p><code class="filename">string</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">algorithm</code> or <code class="filename">memory</code></p></li><li><p><code class="filename">valarray</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">numeric</code> or <code class="filename">cstdlib</code></p></li><li><p><code class="filename">tr1/hashtable</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">memory</code> or <code class="filename">functional</code></p></li><li><p><code class="filename">tr1/memory</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">algorithm</code></p></li><li><p><code class="filename">tr1/random</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">algorithm</code> or <code class="filename">fstream</code></p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">algorithm</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">climits</code>, <code class="filename">cstring</code>, or <code class="filename">iosfwd</code> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">bitset</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">istream</code> or <code class="filename">ostream</code>, adds <code class="filename">iosfwd</code> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">functional</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">cstddef</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">iomanip</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">istream</code>, <code class="filename">istream</code>, or <code class="filename">functional</code>, adds <code class="filename">ioswd</code> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">numeric</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">iterator</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">string</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">algorithm</code> or <code class="filename">memory</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">valarray</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">numeric</code> or <code class="filename">cstdlib</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">tr1/hashtable</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">memory</code> or <code class="filename">functional</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">tr1/memory</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">algorithm</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="filename">tr1/random</code> no longer includes <code class="filename">algorithm</code> or <code class="filename">fstream</code></p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
Debug mode for <code class="filename">unordered_map</code> and <code class="filename">unordered_set</code>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Parallel mode first appears.
|
||||
|
|
@ -151,4 +152,84 @@ Parallel mode first appears.
|
|||
PCH binary files no longer installed. Instead, the source files are installed.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Namespace pb_ds moved to __gnu_pb_ds.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="4.4"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_440"></a><code class="constant">4.4</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
C++0X features.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Added.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="filename">atomic</code>,
|
||||
<code class="filename">chrono</code>,
|
||||
<code class="filename">condition_variable</code>,
|
||||
<code class="filename">forward_list</code>,
|
||||
<code class="filename">initializer_list</code>,
|
||||
<code class="filename">mutex</code>,
|
||||
<code class="filename">ratio</code>,
|
||||
<code class="filename">thread</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Updated and improved.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="filename">algorithm</code>,
|
||||
<code class="filename">system_error</code>,
|
||||
<code class="filename">type_traits</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Use of the GNU extension namespace association converted to inline namespaces.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Preliminary support for <code class="classname">initializer_list</code>
|
||||
and defaulted and deleted constructors in container classes.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="classname">unique_ptr</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Support for new character types <span class="type">char16_t</span>
|
||||
and <span class="type">char32_t</span> added
|
||||
to <code class="classname">char_traits</code>, <code class="classname">basic_string</code>, <code class="classname">numeric_limits</code>,
|
||||
and assorted compile-time type traits.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Support for string conversions <code class="function">to_string</code>
|
||||
and <code class="function">to_wstring</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Member functions taking string arguments were added to iostreams
|
||||
including <code class="classname">basic_filebuf</code>, <code class="classname">basic_ofstream</code>,
|
||||
and <code class="classname">basic_ifstream</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Exception propagation support,
|
||||
including <code class="classname">exception_ptr</code>, <code class="function">current_exception</code>, <code class="function">copy_exception</code>,
|
||||
and <code class="function">rethrow_exception</code>.
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
Uglification of <code class="literal">try</code> to <code class="literal">__try</code>
|
||||
and <code class="literal">catch</code> to <code class="literal">__catch</code>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Audit of internal mutex usage, conversion to funtions returning static
|
||||
local mutex.
|
||||
</p><p> Extensions
|
||||
added: <code class="filename">ext/pointer.h</code>
|
||||
and <code class="filename">ext/extptr_allocator.h</code>. Support
|
||||
for non-standard pointer types has been added
|
||||
to <code class="classname">vector</code>
|
||||
and <code class="classname">forward_list</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="4.5"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_450"></a><code class="constant">4.5</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
C++0X features.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Added.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="filename">future</code>,
|
||||
<code class="filename">random</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Updated and improved.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="filename">atomic</code>,
|
||||
<code class="filename">system_error</code>,
|
||||
<code class="filename">type_traits</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Add support for explicit operators and standard layout types.
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
Profile mode first appears.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Support for decimal floating-point arithmetic, including <code class="classname">decimal32</code>, <code class="classname">decimal64</code>, and <code class="classname">decimal128</code>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Python pretty-printers are added for use with appropriately-advanced versions of <span class="command"><strong>gdb</strong></span>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Audit for application of function attributes notrow, const, pure, and noreturn.
|
||||
</p><p> Extensions modified: <code class="filename">ext/throw_allocator.h</code>. In addition, experimental support was added for <code class="filename">random</code> serialization operators.
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="abi.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendix_porting.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="backwards.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">ABI Policy and Guidelines </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Backwards Compatibility</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix A. Contributing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html" title="Use" /><link rel="next" href="source_organization.html" title="Directory Layout and Source Conventions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix A.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix A. Contributing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html" title="Use" /><link rel="next" href="source_organization.html" title="Directory Layout and Source Conventions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix A.
|
||||
Contributing
|
||||
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_organization.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.contrib"></a>Appendix A.
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_organization.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" title="Appendix A. Contributing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.contrib"></a>Appendix A.
|
||||
Contributing
|
||||
<a id="id622754" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
<a id="id451444" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#contrib.list">Contributor Checklist</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.reading">Reading</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.copyright">Assignment</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.getting">Getting Sources</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.patches">Submitting Patches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_organization.html">Directory Layout and Source Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_code_style.html">Coding Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.bad_identifiers">Bad Identifiers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.example">By Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="documentation_style.html">Documentation Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="documentation_style.html#doc_style.doxygen">Doxygen</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="documentation_style.html#doc_style.docbook">Docbook</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_design_notes.html">Design Notes</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
|
||||
The GNU C++ Library follows an open development model. Active
|
||||
contributors are assigned maintainer-ship responsibility, and given
|
||||
write access to the source repository. First time contributors
|
||||
should follow this procedure:
|
||||
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.list"></a>Contributor Checklist</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.reading"></a>Reading</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect1" title="Contributor Checklist"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.list"></a>Contributor Checklist</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Reading"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.reading"></a>Reading</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Get and read the relevant sections of the C++ language
|
||||
specification. Copies of the full ISO 14882 standard are
|
||||
available on line via the ISO mirror site for committee
|
||||
|
|
@ -24,30 +24,30 @@
|
|||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.ansi.org" target="_top">here.</a>
|
||||
(And if you've already registered with them, clicking this link will take you to directly to the place where you can
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://webstore.ansi.org/RecordDetail.aspx?sku=ISO/IEC%2014882:2003" target="_top">buy the standard on-line.)</a>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
The library working group bugs, and known defects, can
|
||||
be obtained here:
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/" target="_top">http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21 </a>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
The newsgroup dedicated to standardization issues is
|
||||
comp.std.c++: this FAQ for this group is quite useful and
|
||||
can be
|
||||
found <a class="ulink" href="http://www.comeaucomputing.com/csc/faq.html" target="_top">
|
||||
here </a>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Peruse
|
||||
the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/prep/standards" target="_top">GNU
|
||||
Coding Standards</a>, and chuckle when you hit the part
|
||||
about “<span class="quote">Using Languages Other Than C</span>”.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
about <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Using Languages Other Than C</span>”</span>.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Be familiar with the extensions that preceded these
|
||||
general GNU rules. These style issues for libstdc++ can be
|
||||
found <a class="link" href="source_code_style.html" title="Coding Style">here</a>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
And last but certainly not least, read the
|
||||
library-specific information
|
||||
found <a class="link" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance"> here</a>.
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.copyright"></a>Assignment</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Assignment"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.copyright"></a>Assignment</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Small changes can be accepted without a copyright assignment form on
|
||||
file. New code and additions to the library need completed copyright
|
||||
assignment form on file at the FSF. Note: your employer may be required
|
||||
|
|
@ -56,10 +56,10 @@
|
|||
Historically, the libstdc++ assignment form added the following
|
||||
question:
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
“<span class="quote">
|
||||
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">
|
||||
Which Belgian comic book character is better, Tintin or Asterix, and
|
||||
why?
|
||||
</span>”
|
||||
</span>”</span>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
While not strictly necessary, humoring the maintainers and answering
|
||||
this question would be appreciated.
|
||||
|
|
@ -74,29 +74,29 @@
|
|||
requesting an assignment form from
|
||||
<code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:mailto:assign@gnu.org">mailto:assign@gnu.org</a>></code>, please cc the libstdc++
|
||||
maintainer above so that progress can be monitored.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.getting"></a>Getting Sources</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Getting Sources"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.getting"></a>Getting Sources</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/svnwrite.html" target="_top">Getting write access
|
||||
(look for "Write after approval")</a>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.patches"></a>Submitting Patches</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Submitting Patches"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.patches"></a>Submitting Patches</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Every patch must have several pieces of information before it can be
|
||||
properly evaluated. Ideally (and to ensure the fastest possible
|
||||
response from the maintainers) it would have all of these pieces:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
A description of the bug and how your patch fixes this
|
||||
bug. For new features a description of the feature and your
|
||||
implementation.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
A ChangeLog entry as plain text; see the various
|
||||
ChangeLog files for format and content. If using you are
|
||||
using emacs as your editor, simply position the insertion
|
||||
point at the beginning of your change and hit CX-4a to bring
|
||||
up the appropriate ChangeLog entry. See--magic! Similar
|
||||
functionality also exists for vi.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
A testsuite submission or sample program that will
|
||||
easily and simply show the existing error or test new
|
||||
functionality.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
The patch itself. If you are accessing the SVN
|
||||
repository use <span class="command"><strong>svn update; svn diff NEW</strong></span>;
|
||||
else, use <span class="command"><strong>diff -cp OLD NEW</strong></span> ... If your
|
||||
|
|
@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
|
|||
diff. The <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/SvnTricks" target="_top">SVN
|
||||
Tricks</a> wiki page has information on customising the
|
||||
output of <code class="code">svn diff</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
When you have all these pieces, bundle them up in a
|
||||
mail message and send it to libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org. All
|
||||
patches and related discussion should be sent to the
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_gpl.html" title="Appendix D. GNU General Public License version 3" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix C.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_gpl.html" title="Appendix D. GNU General Public License version 3" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix C.
|
||||
Free Software Needs Free Documentation
|
||||
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="backwards.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_gpl.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.free"></a>Appendix C.
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="backwards.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_gpl.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" title="Appendix C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.free"></a>Appendix C.
|
||||
Free Software Needs Free Documentation
|
||||
<a id="id675332" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
<a id="id519719" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the
|
||||
software--it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in
|
||||
|
|
@ -120,5 +120,5 @@ that lists free books available from other publishers</a>].
|
|||
</p><p>Copyright © 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</p><p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are
|
||||
permitted worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this
|
||||
notice is preserved.</p><p>Report any problems or suggestions to <code class="email"><<a class="email" href="mailto:webmaster@fsf.org">webmaster@fsf.org</a>></code>.</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="backwards.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_gpl.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Backwards Compatibility </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix D.
|
||||
GNU General Public License version 3
|
||||
<acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License version 3
|
||||
</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="appendix_gpl.html" title="Appendix D. GNU General Public License version 3" /><link rel="next" href="bk01ix01.html" title="Index" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_gpl.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01ix01.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.gfdl-1.2"></a>Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="appendix_gpl.html" title="Appendix D. GNU General Public License version 3" /><link rel="next" href="bk01ix01.html" title="Index" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_gpl.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01ix01.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" title="Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.gfdl-1.2"></a>Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002 Free Software Foundation,
|
||||
<abbr class="abbrev">Inc.</abbr> 51 Franklin <abbr class="abbrev">St</abbr>, Fifth Floor,
|
||||
Boston, <abbr class="abbrev">MA</abbr> 02110-1301 <abbr class="abbrev">USA</abbr>. Everyone is permitted to copy and
|
||||
|
|
@ -173,36 +173,36 @@
|
|||
filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and
|
||||
modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it.
|
||||
In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="A"><li>
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="A"><li class="listitem">
|
||||
Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
|
||||
from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which
|
||||
should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the
|
||||
Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the
|
||||
original publisher of that version gives permission.
|
||||
</li><li>
|
||||
</li><li class="listitem">
|
||||
List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
|
||||
responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
|
||||
Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
|
||||
Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
|
||||
unless they release you from this requirement.
|
||||
</li><li>
|
||||
</li><li class="listitem">
|
||||
State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified
|
||||
Version, as the publisher.
|
||||
</li><li>
|
||||
</li><li class="listitem">
|
||||
Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
|
||||
</li><li>
|
||||
</li><li class="listitem">
|
||||
Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to
|
||||
the other copyright notices.
|
||||
</li><li>
|
||||
</li><li class="listitem">
|
||||
Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
|
||||
giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
|
||||
terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
|
||||
</li><li>
|
||||
</li><li class="listitem">
|
||||
Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
|
||||
and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
|
||||
</li><li>
|
||||
</li><li class="listitem">
|
||||
Include an unaltered copy of this License.
|
||||
</li><li>
|
||||
</li><li class="listitem">
|
||||
Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
|
||||
to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
|
||||
publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
|
||||
|
|
@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
|
|||
stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
|
||||
given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
|
||||
Version as stated in the previous sentence.
|
||||
</li><li>
|
||||
</li><li class="listitem">
|
||||
Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
|
||||
public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the
|
||||
network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was
|
||||
|
|
@ -218,22 +218,22 @@
|
|||
a network location for a work that was published at least four years
|
||||
before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the
|
||||
version it refers to gives permission.
|
||||
</li><li>
|
||||
</li><li class="listitem">
|
||||
For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve
|
||||
the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
|
||||
substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or
|
||||
dedications given therein.
|
||||
</li><li>
|
||||
</li><li class="listitem">
|
||||
Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in
|
||||
their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are
|
||||
not considered part of the section titles.
|
||||
</li><li>
|
||||
</li><li class="listitem">
|
||||
Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be
|
||||
included in the Modified Version.
|
||||
</li><li>
|
||||
</li><li class="listitem">
|
||||
Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or
|
||||
to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
|
||||
</li><li>
|
||||
</li><li class="listitem">
|
||||
Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
|
||||
</li></ol></div><p>
|
||||
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices
|
||||
|
|
@ -391,5 +391,5 @@
|
|||
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their
|
||||
use in free software.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_gpl.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01ix01.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Appendix D.
|
||||
GNU General Public License version 3
|
||||
<acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License version 3
|
||||
</td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Index</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix D. GNU General Public License version 3</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="appendix_free.html" title="Appendix C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_gfdl.html" title="Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix D.
|
||||
GNU General Public License version 3
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_free.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_gfdl.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.gpl-3.0"></a>Appendix D.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix D. GNU General Public License version 3</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="appendix_free.html" title="Appendix C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_gfdl.html" title="Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix D.
|
||||
<acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License version 3
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_free.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_gfdl.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" title="Appendix D. GNU General Public License version 3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.gpl-3.0"></a>Appendix D.
|
||||
<acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License version 3
|
||||
</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Version 3, 29 June 2007
|
||||
|
|
@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification
|
||||
follow.
|
||||
</p><h2><a id="id746936"></a>
|
||||
</p><h2><a id="id521172"></a>
|
||||
TERMS AND CONDITIONS
|
||||
</h2><h2><a id="gpl-3-definitions"></a>
|
||||
0. Definitions.
|
||||
|
|
@ -219,15 +219,15 @@
|
|||
You may convey a work based on the Program, or the modifications to produce
|
||||
it from the Program, in the form of source code under the terms of section
|
||||
4, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="a"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="a"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
The work must carry prominent notices stating that you modified it, and
|
||||
giving a relevant date.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
The work must carry prominent notices stating that it is released under
|
||||
this License and any conditions added under section 7. This requirement
|
||||
modifies the requirement in section 4 to “keep intact all
|
||||
notices”.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
You must license the entire work, as a whole, under this License to
|
||||
anyone who comes into possession of a copy. This License will therefore
|
||||
apply, along with any applicable section 7 additional terms, to the
|
||||
|
|
@ -235,7 +235,7 @@
|
|||
packaged. This License gives no permission to license the work in any
|
||||
other way, but it does not invalidate such permission if you have
|
||||
separately received it.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
If the work has interactive user interfaces, each must display
|
||||
Appropriate Legal Notices; however, if the Program has interactive
|
||||
interfaces that do not display Appropriate Legal Notices, your work need
|
||||
|
|
@ -255,12 +255,12 @@
|
|||
You may convey a covered work in object code form under the terms of
|
||||
sections 4 and 5, provided that you also convey the machine-readable
|
||||
Corresponding Source under the terms of this License, in one of these ways:
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="a"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="a"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including
|
||||
a physical distribution medium), accompanied by the Corresponding Source
|
||||
fixed on a durable physical medium customarily used for software
|
||||
interchange.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Convey the object code in, or embodied in, a physical product (including
|
||||
a physical distribution medium), accompanied by a written offer, valid
|
||||
for at least three years and valid for as long as you offer spare parts
|
||||
|
|
@ -271,12 +271,12 @@
|
|||
price no more than your reasonable cost of physically performing this
|
||||
conveying of source, or (2) access to copy the Corresponding Source from
|
||||
a network server at no charge.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Convey individual copies of the object code with a copy of the written
|
||||
offer to provide the Corresponding Source. This alternative is allowed
|
||||
only occasionally and noncommercially, and only if you received the
|
||||
object code with such an offer, in accord with subsection 6b.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Convey the object code by offering access from a designated place
|
||||
(gratis or for a charge), and offer equivalent access to the
|
||||
Corresponding Source in the same way through the same place at no
|
||||
|
|
@ -289,7 +289,7 @@
|
|||
Regardless of what server hosts the Corresponding Source, you remain
|
||||
obligated to ensure that it is available for as long as needed to
|
||||
satisfy these requirements.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Convey the object code using peer-to-peer transmission, provided you
|
||||
inform other peers where the object code and Corresponding Source of the
|
||||
work are being offered to the general public at no charge under
|
||||
|
|
@ -366,24 +366,24 @@
|
|||
Notwithstanding any other provision of this License, for material you add
|
||||
to a covered work, you may (if authorized by the copyright holders of that
|
||||
material) supplement the terms of this License with terms:
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="a"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="a"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Disclaiming warranty or limiting liability differently from the terms
|
||||
of sections 15 and 16 of this License; or
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Requiring preservation of specified reasonable legal notices or author
|
||||
attributions in that material or in the Appropriate Legal Notices
|
||||
displayed by works containing it; or
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Prohibiting misrepresentation of the origin of that material, or
|
||||
requiring that modified versions of such material be marked in
|
||||
reasonable ways as different from the original version; or
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Limiting the use for publicity purposes of names of licensors or
|
||||
authors of the material; or
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Declining to grant rights under trademark law for use of some trade
|
||||
names, trademarks, or service marks; or
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Requiring indemnification of licensors and authors of that material by
|
||||
anyone who conveys the material (or modified versions of it) with
|
||||
contractual assumptions of liability to the recipient, for any
|
||||
|
|
@ -617,7 +617,7 @@
|
|||
waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a
|
||||
warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in
|
||||
return for a fee.
|
||||
</p><h2><a id="id654357"></a>
|
||||
</p><h2><a id="id519116"></a>
|
||||
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
|
||||
</h2><h2><a id="HowToApply"></a>
|
||||
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
|
|
@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 17. Associative</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="vector.html" title="vector" /><link rel="next" href="bitset.html" title="bitset" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 17. Associative</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="vector.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VII.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 17. Associative</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="vector.html" title="vector" /><link rel="next" href="bitset.html" title="bitset" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 17. Associative</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="vector.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VII.
|
||||
Containers
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bitset.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.containers.associative"></a>Chapter 17. Associative</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="associative.html#containers.associative.insert_hints">Insertion Hints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitset.html">bitset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.size_variable">Size Variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.type_string">Type String</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="containers.associative.insert_hints"></a>Insertion Hints</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bitset.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 17. Associative"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.containers.associative"></a>Chapter 17. Associative</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="associative.html#containers.associative.insert_hints">Insertion Hints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitset.html">bitset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.size_variable">Size Variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.type_string">Type String</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="Insertion Hints"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="containers.associative.insert_hints"></a>Insertion Hints</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Section [23.1.2], Table 69, of the C++ standard lists this
|
||||
function for all of the associative containers (map, set, etc):
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
a.insert(p,t);
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
where 'p' is an iterator into the container 'a', and 't' is the
|
||||
item to insert. The standard says that “<span class="quote"><code class="code">t</code> is
|
||||
item to insert. The standard says that <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="code">t</code> is
|
||||
inserted as close as possible to the position just prior to
|
||||
<code class="code">p</code>.</span>” (Library DR #233 addresses this topic,
|
||||
<code class="code">p</code>.</span>”</span> (Library DR #233 addresses this topic,
|
||||
referring to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2005/n1780.html" target="_top">N1780</a>.
|
||||
Since version 4.2 GCC implements the resolution to DR 233, so
|
||||
that insertions happen as close as possible to the hint. For
|
||||
|
|
@ -31,25 +31,25 @@
|
|||
than</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>less than</em></span> refer to the
|
||||
results of the strict weak ordering imposed on the container by
|
||||
its comparison object, which defaults to (basically)
|
||||
“<span class="quote"><</span>”. Using those phrases is semantically sloppy,
|
||||
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><</span>”</span>. Using those phrases is semantically sloppy,
|
||||
but I didn't want to get bogged down in syntax. I assume that if
|
||||
you are intelligent enough to use your own comparison objects,
|
||||
you are also intelligent enough to assign “<span class="quote">greater</span>”
|
||||
and “<span class="quote">lesser</span>” their new meanings in the next
|
||||
you are also intelligent enough to assign <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">greater</span>”</span>
|
||||
and <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">lesser</span>”</span> their new meanings in the next
|
||||
paragraph. *grin*
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
If the <code class="code">hint</code> parameter ('p' above) is equivalent to:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">begin()</code>, then the item being inserted should
|
||||
have a key less than all the other keys in the container.
|
||||
The item will be inserted at the beginning of the container,
|
||||
becoming the new entry at <code class="code">begin()</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">end()</code>, then the item being inserted should have
|
||||
a key greater than all the other keys in the container. The
|
||||
item will be inserted at the end of the container, becoming
|
||||
the new entry at <code class="code">end()</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
neither <code class="code">begin()</code> nor <code class="code">end()</code>, then:
|
||||
Let <code class="code">h</code> be the entry in the container pointed to
|
||||
by <code class="code">hint</code>, that is, <code class="code">h = *hint</code>. Then
|
||||
|
|
@ -59,10 +59,10 @@
|
|||
<code class="code">h</code> and <code class="code">h</code>'s predecessor.
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
For <code class="code">multimap</code> and <code class="code">multiset</code>, the
|
||||
restrictions are slightly looser: “<span class="quote">greater than</span>”
|
||||
should be replaced by “<span class="quote">not less than</span>”and “<span class="quote">less
|
||||
than</span>” should be replaced by “<span class="quote">not greater
|
||||
than.</span>” (Why not replace greater with
|
||||
restrictions are slightly looser: <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">greater than</span>”</span>
|
||||
should be replaced by <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">not less than</span>”</span>and <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">less
|
||||
than</span>”</span> should be replaced by <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">not greater
|
||||
than.</span>”</span> (Why not replace greater with
|
||||
greater-than-or-equal-to? You probably could in your head, but
|
||||
the mathematicians will tell you that it isn't the same thing.)
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>auto_ptr</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , auto_ptr " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="memory.html" title="Chapter 11. Memory" /><link rel="prev" href="memory.html" title="Chapter 11. Memory" /><link rel="next" href="shared_ptr.html" title="shared_ptr" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">auto_ptr</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="memory.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 11. Memory</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="shared_ptr.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.util.memory.auto_ptr"></a>auto_ptr</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="auto_ptr.limitations"></a>Limitations</h3></div></div></div><p>Explaining all of the fun and delicious things that can
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>auto_ptr</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , auto_ptr " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="memory.html" title="Chapter 11. Memory" /><link rel="prev" href="memory.html" title="Chapter 11. Memory" /><link rel="next" href="shared_ptr.html" title="shared_ptr" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">auto_ptr</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="memory.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 11. Memory</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="shared_ptr.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="auto_ptr"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.util.memory.auto_ptr"></a>auto_ptr</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Limitations"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="auto_ptr.limitations"></a>Limitations</h3></div></div></div><p>Explaining all of the fun and delicious things that can
|
||||
happen with misuse of the <code class="classname">auto_ptr</code> class
|
||||
template (called <acronym class="acronym">AP</acronym> here) would take some
|
||||
time. Suffice it to say that the use of <acronym class="acronym">AP</acronym>
|
||||
|
|
@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
|
|||
to die. AP is trivial to write, however, so you could write your
|
||||
own <code class="code">auto_array_ptr</code> for that situation (in fact, this has
|
||||
been done many times; check the mailing lists, Usenet, Boost, etc).
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="auto_ptr.using"></a>Use in Containers</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Use in Containers"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="auto_ptr.using"></a>Use in Containers</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>All of the <a class="link" href="containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers">containers</a>
|
||||
described in the standard library require their contained types
|
||||
to have, among other things, a copy constructor like this:
|
||||
|
|
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
The resulting rule is simple: <span class="emphasis"><em>Never ever use a
|
||||
container of auto_ptr objects</em></span>. The standard says that
|
||||
“<span class="quote">undefined</span>” behavior is the result, but it is
|
||||
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">undefined</span>”</span> behavior is the result, but it is
|
||||
guaranteed to be messy.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
To prevent you from doing this to yourself, the
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Backwards Compatibility</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , backwards " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_free.html" title="Appendix C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Backwards Compatibility</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="api.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Backwards Compatibility</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , backwards " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_free.html" title="Appendix C. Free Software Needs Free Documentation" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Backwards Compatibility</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="api.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B.
|
||||
Porting and Maintenance
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_free.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.appendix.porting.backwards"></a>Backwards Compatibility</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="backwards.first"></a>First</h3></div></div></div><p>The first generation GNU C++ library was called libg++. It was a
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_free.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Backwards Compatibility"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.appendix.porting.backwards"></a>Backwards Compatibility</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="First"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="backwards.first"></a>First</h3></div></div></div><p>The first generation GNU C++ library was called libg++. It was a
|
||||
separate GNU project, although reliably paired with GCC. Rumors imply
|
||||
that it had a working relationship with at least two kinds of
|
||||
dinosaur.
|
||||
|
|
@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ now and are well-supported, whereas genclass (mostly) predates them.)
|
|||
ISO Standard (e.g., statistical analysis). While there are a lot of
|
||||
really useful things that are used by a lot of people, the Standards
|
||||
Committee couldn't include everything, and so a lot of those
|
||||
“<span class="quote">obvious</span>” classes didn't get included.
|
||||
</p><p>Known Issues include many of the limitations of its immediate ancestor.</p><p>Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id744149"></a>No <code class="code">ios_base</code></h4></div></div></div><p> At least some older implementations don't have <code class="code">std::ios_base</code>, so you should use <code class="code">std::ios::badbit</code>, <code class="code">std::ios::failbit</code> and <code class="code">std::ios::eofbit</code> and <code class="code">std::ios::goodbit</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id744181"></a>No <code class="code">cout</code> in <code class="code">ostream.h</code>, no <code class="code">cin</code> in <code class="code">istream.h</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">obvious</span>”</span> classes didn't get included.
|
||||
</p><p>Known Issues include many of the limitations of its immediate ancestor.</p><p>Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.</p><div class="sect3" title="No ios_base"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id381437"></a>No <code class="code">ios_base</code></h4></div></div></div><p> At least some older implementations don't have <code class="code">std::ios_base</code>, so you should use <code class="code">std::ios::badbit</code>, <code class="code">std::ios::failbit</code> and <code class="code">std::ios::eofbit</code> and <code class="code">std::ios::goodbit</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="No cout in ostream.h, no cin in istream.h"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id381469"></a>No <code class="code">cout</code> in <code class="code">ostream.h</code>, no <code class="code">cin</code> in <code class="code">istream.h</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
In earlier versions of the standard,
|
||||
<code class="filename">fstream.h</code>,
|
||||
<code class="filename">ostream.h</code>
|
||||
|
|
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ archived. For the desperate,
|
|||
the <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/extensions.html" target="_top">GCC extensions
|
||||
page</a> describes where to find the last libg++ source. The code is
|
||||
considered replaced and rewritten.
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="backwards.second"></a>Second</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Second"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="backwards.second"></a>Second</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The second generation GNU C++ library was called libstdc++, or
|
||||
libstdc++-v2. It spans the time between libg++ and pre-ISO C++
|
||||
standardization and is usually associated with the following GCC
|
||||
|
|
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ considered replaced and rewritten.
|
|||
archived. The code is considered replaced and rewritten.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id744279"></a>Namespace <code class="code">std::</code> not supported</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect3" title="Namespace std:: not supported"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id381567"></a>Namespace <code class="code">std::</code> not supported</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Some care is required to support C++ compiler and or library
|
||||
implementation that do not have the standard library in
|
||||
<code class="code">namespace std</code>.
|
||||
|
|
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ considered replaced and rewritten.
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
Another pre-processor based approach is to define a macro
|
||||
<code class="code">NAMESPACE_STD</code>, which is defined to either
|
||||
“<span class="quote"> </span>” or “<span class="quote">std</span>” based on a compile-type
|
||||
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote"> </span>”</span> or <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">std</span>”</span> based on a compile-type
|
||||
test. On GNU systems, this can be done with autotools by means of
|
||||
an autoconf test (see below) for <code class="code">HAVE_NAMESPACE_STD</code>,
|
||||
then using that to set a value for the <code class="code">NAMESPACE_STD</code>
|
||||
|
|
@ -108,20 +108,20 @@ AC_DEFUN([AC_CXX_NAMESPACE_STD], [
|
|||
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_NAMESPACE_STD,,[Define if g++ supports namespace std. ])
|
||||
fi
|
||||
])
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id673182"></a>Illegal iterator usage</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" title="Illegal iterator usage"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id414145"></a>Illegal iterator usage</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The following illustrate implementation-allowed illegal iterator
|
||||
use, and then correct use.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
you cannot do <code class="code">ostream::operator<<(iterator)</code>
|
||||
to print the address of the iterator => use
|
||||
<code class="code">operator<< &*iterator</code> instead
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
you cannot clear an iterator's reference (<code class="code">iterator =
|
||||
0</code>) => use <code class="code">iterator = iterator_type();</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">if (iterator)</code> won't work any more => use
|
||||
<code class="code">if (iterator != iterator_type())</code>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id673243"></a><code class="code">isspace</code> from <code class="filename">cctype</code> is a macro
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" title="isspace from cctype is a macro"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id414206"></a><code class="code">isspace</code> from <code class="filename">cctype</code> is a macro
|
||||
</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Glibc 2.0.x and 2.1.x define <code class="filename">ctype.h</code> functionality as macros
|
||||
(isspace, isalpha etc.).
|
||||
|
|
@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ std:: (__ctype_b[(int) ( ( 'X' ) )] & (unsigned short int) _ISspace ) ;
|
|||
(<code class="filename">ctype.h</code>) and the
|
||||
definitions in namespace <code class="code">std::</code>
|
||||
(<code class="code"><cctype></code>).
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id586519"></a>No <code class="code">vector::at</code>, <code class="code">deque::at</code>, <code class="code">string::at</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="No vector::at, deque::at, string::at"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id414300"></a>No <code class="code">vector::at</code>, <code class="code">deque::at</code>, <code class="code">string::at</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
One solution is to add an autoconf-test for this:
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
AC_MSG_CHECKING(for container::at)
|
||||
|
|
@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ deque<int> test_deque(3);
|
|||
test_deque.at(2);
|
||||
vector<int> test_vector(2);
|
||||
test_vector.at(1);
|
||||
string test_string(“<span class="quote">test_string</span>”);
|
||||
string test_string(<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">test_string</span>”</span>);
|
||||
test_string.at(3);
|
||||
],
|
||||
[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)
|
||||
|
|
@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ AC_DEFINE(HAVE_CONTAINER_AT)],
|
|||
</pre><p>
|
||||
If you are using other (non-GNU) compilers it might be a good idea
|
||||
to check for <code class="code">string::at</code> separately.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id586557"></a>No <code class="code">std::char_traits<char>::eof</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="No std::char_traits<char>::eof"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id414338"></a>No <code class="code">std::char_traits<char>::eof</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Use some kind of autoconf test, plus this:
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
#ifdef HAVE_CHAR_TRAITS
|
||||
|
|
@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ AC_DEFINE(HAVE_CONTAINER_AT)],
|
|||
#else
|
||||
#define CPP_EOF EOF
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id586575"></a>No <code class="code">string::clear</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" title="No string::clear"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id414356"></a>No <code class="code">string::clear</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
There are two functions for deleting the contents of a string:
|
||||
<code class="code">clear</code> and <code class="code">erase</code> (the latter returns the
|
||||
string).
|
||||
|
|
@ -206,25 +206,25 @@ erase(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos)
|
|||
Unfortunately, <code class="code">clear</code> is not implemented in this
|
||||
version, so you should use <code class="code">erase</code> (which is probably
|
||||
faster than <code class="code">operator=(charT*)</code>).
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id586620"></a>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Removal of ostream::form and istream::scan extensions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id442672"></a>
|
||||
Removal of <code class="code">ostream::form</code> and <code class="code">istream::scan</code>
|
||||
extensions
|
||||
</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
These are no longer supported. Please use stringstreams instead.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id586640"></a>No <code class="code">basic_stringbuf</code>, <code class="code">basic_stringstream</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="No basic_stringbuf, basic_stringstream"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id442691"></a>No <code class="code">basic_stringbuf</code>, <code class="code">basic_stringstream</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Although the ISO standard <code class="code">i/ostringstream</code>-classes are
|
||||
provided, (<code class="filename">sstream</code>), for
|
||||
compatibility with older implementations the pre-ISO
|
||||
<code class="code">i/ostrstream</code> (<code class="filename">strstream</code>) interface is also provided,
|
||||
with these caveats:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">strstream</code> is considered to be deprecated
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">strstream</code> is limited to <code class="code">char</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
with <code class="code">ostringstream</code> you don't have to take care of
|
||||
terminating the string or freeing its memory
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">istringstream</code> can be re-filled (clear();
|
||||
str(input);)
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ erase(size_type __pos = 0, size_type __n = npos)
|
|||
std::ostrstream oss;
|
||||
#endif
|
||||
|
||||
oss << “<span class="quote">Name=</span>” << m_name << “<span class="quote">, number=</span>” << m_number << std::endl;
|
||||
oss << <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Name=</span>”</span> << m_name << <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">, number=</span>”</span> << m_number << std::endl;
|
||||
...
|
||||
#ifndef HAVE_SSTREAM
|
||||
oss << std::ends; // terminate the char*-string
|
||||
|
|
@ -298,15 +298,15 @@ any = temp;
|
|||
</pre><p>
|
||||
Another example of using stringstreams is in <a class="link" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html" title="Shrink to Fit">this howto</a>.
|
||||
</p><p> There is additional information in the libstdc++-v2 info files, in
|
||||
particular “<span class="quote">info iostream</span>”.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id659623"></a>Little or no wide character support</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
particular <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">info iostream</span>”</span>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Little or no wide character support"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id442843"></a>Little or no wide character support</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Classes <code class="classname">wstring</code> and
|
||||
<code class="classname">char_traits<wchar_t></code> are
|
||||
not supported.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id659642"></a>No templatized iostreams</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="No templatized iostreams"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id442862"></a>No templatized iostreams</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Classes <code class="classname">wfilebuf</code> and
|
||||
<code class="classname">wstringstream</code> are not supported.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id659661"></a>Thread safety issues</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Thread safety issues"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id442881"></a>Thread safety issues</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Earlier GCC releases had a somewhat different approach to
|
||||
threading configuration and proper compilation. Before GCC 3.0,
|
||||
configuration of the threading model was dictated by compiler
|
||||
|
|
@ -342,11 +342,11 @@ particular “<span class="quote">info iostream</span>”.
|
|||
first relevant message in the thread; from there you can use
|
||||
"Thread Next" to move down the thread. This farm is in
|
||||
latest-to-oldest order.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Our threading expert Loren gives a breakdown of <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2001-10/msg00024.html" target="_top">the
|
||||
six situations involving threads</a> for the 3.0
|
||||
release series.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2001-05/msg00384.html" target="_top">
|
||||
This message</a> inspired a recent updating of issues with
|
||||
threading and the SGI STL library. It also contains some
|
||||
|
|
@ -357,14 +357,14 @@ particular “<span class="quote">info iostream</span>”.
|
|||
few people with access to the backup tapes have been too swamped
|
||||
with work to restore them. Many of the points have been
|
||||
superseded anyhow.)
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="backwards.third"></a>Third</h3></div></div></div><p> The third generation GNU C++ library is called libstdc++, or
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Third"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="backwards.third"></a>Third</h3></div></div></div><p> The third generation GNU C++ library is called libstdc++, or
|
||||
libstdc++-v3.
|
||||
</p><p>The subset commonly known as the Standard Template Library
|
||||
(chapters 23 through 25, mostly) is adapted from the final release
|
||||
of the SGI STL (version 3.3), with extensive changes.
|
||||
</p><p>A more formal description of the V3 goals can be found in the
|
||||
official <a class="link" href="source_design_notes.html" title="Design Notes">design document</a>.
|
||||
</p><p>Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id659778"></a>Pre-ISO headers moved to backwards or removed</h4></div></div></div><p> The pre-ISO C++ headers
|
||||
</p><p>Portability notes and known implementation limitations are as follows.</p><div class="sect3" title="Pre-ISO headers moved to backwards or removed"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id409371"></a>Pre-ISO headers moved to backwards or removed</h4></div></div></div><p> The pre-ISO C++ headers
|
||||
(<code class="code">iostream.h</code>, <code class="code">defalloc.h</code> etc.) are
|
||||
available, unlike previous libstdc++ versions, but inclusion
|
||||
generates a warning that you are using deprecated headers.
|
||||
|
|
@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ like <code class="filename">vector.h</code> can be replaced with <code class="fi
|
|||
directive <code class="code">using namespace std;</code> can be put at the global
|
||||
scope. This should be enough to get this code compiling, assuming the
|
||||
other usage is correct.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id674389"></a>Extension headers hash_map, hash_set moved to ext or backwards</h4></div></div></div><p>At this time most of the features of the SGI STL extension have been
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Extension headers hash_map, hash_set moved to ext or backwards"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id409453"></a>Extension headers hash_map, hash_set moved to ext or backwards</h4></div></div></div><p>At this time most of the features of the SGI STL extension have been
|
||||
replaced by standardized libraries.
|
||||
In particular, the unordered_map and unordered_set containers of TR1
|
||||
are suitable replacement for the non-standard hash_map and hash_set
|
||||
|
|
@ -508,18 +508,18 @@ AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_EXT_HASH_SET], [
|
|||
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_EXT_HASH_SET,,[Define if ext/hash_set is present. ])
|
||||
fi
|
||||
])
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id674492"></a>No <code class="code">ios::nocreate/ios::noreplace</code>.
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" title="No ios::nocreate/ios::noreplace."><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id409556"></a>No <code class="code">ios::nocreate/ios::noreplace</code>.
|
||||
</h4></div></div></div><p> The existence of <code class="code">ios::nocreate</code> being used for
|
||||
input-streams has been confirmed, most probably because the author
|
||||
thought it would be more correct to specify nocreate explicitly. So
|
||||
it can be left out for input-streams.
|
||||
</p><p>For output streams, “<span class="quote">nocreate</span>” is probably the default,
|
||||
</p><p>For output streams, <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">nocreate</span>”</span> is probably the default,
|
||||
unless you specify <code class="code">std::ios::trunc</code> ? To be safe, you can
|
||||
open the file for reading, check if it has been opened, and then
|
||||
decide whether you want to create/replace or not. To my knowledge,
|
||||
even older implementations support <code class="code">app</code>, <code class="code">ate</code>
|
||||
and <code class="code">trunc</code> (except for <code class="code">app</code> ?).
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id674539"></a>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="No stream::attach(int fd)"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id409604"></a>
|
||||
No <code class="code">stream::attach(int fd)</code>
|
||||
</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Phil Edwards writes: It was considered and rejected for the ISO
|
||||
|
|
@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ No <code class="code">stream::attach(int fd)</code>
|
|||
For another example of this, refer to
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.josuttis.com/cppcode/fdstream.html" target="_top">fdstream example</a>
|
||||
by Nicolai Josuttis.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id674603"></a>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Support for C++98 dialect."><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id450867"></a>
|
||||
Support for C++98 dialect.
|
||||
</h4></div></div></div><p>Check for complete library coverage of the C++1998/2003 standard.
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
|
|
@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_STDCXX_98], [
|
|||
AC_DEFINE(STDCXX_98_HEADERS,,[Define if ISO C++ 1998 header files are present. ])
|
||||
fi
|
||||
])
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id674631"></a>
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" title="Support for C++TR1 dialect."><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id450895"></a>
|
||||
Support for C++TR1 dialect.
|
||||
</h4></div></div></div><p>Check for library coverage of the TR1 standard.
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
|
|
@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_TR1_UNORDERED_SET], [
|
|||
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_TR1_UNORDERED_SET,,[Define if tr1/unordered_set is present. ])
|
||||
fi
|
||||
])
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id675096"></a>
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" title="Support for C++0x dialect."><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id450938"></a>
|
||||
Support for C++0x dialect.
|
||||
</h4></div></div></div><p>Check for baseline language coverage in the compiler for the C++0xstandard.
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
|
|
@ -899,27 +899,27 @@ AC_DEFUN([AC_HEADER_UNORDERED_SET], [
|
|||
AC_DEFINE(HAVE_UNORDERED_SET,,[Define if unordered_set is present. ])
|
||||
fi
|
||||
])
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id675173"></a>
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" title="Container::iterator_type is not necessarily Container::value_type*"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id451016"></a>
|
||||
Container::iterator_type is not necessarily Container::value_type*
|
||||
</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
This is a change in behavior from the previous version. Now, most
|
||||
<span class="type">iterator_type</span> typedefs in container classes are POD
|
||||
objects, not <span class="type">value_type</span> pointers.
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="backwards.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id675202"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="bibliography" title="Bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="backwards.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Migrating to GCC 4.1"><a id="id451045"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
|
||||
kegel41
|
||||
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Migrating to GCC 4.1
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Dan</span> <span class="surname">Kegel</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.kegel.com/gcc/gcc4.html" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id675235"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Building the Whole Debian Archive with GCC 4.1: A Summary"><a id="id451077"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
|
||||
kegel41
|
||||
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Building the Whole Debian Archive with GCC 4.1: A Summary
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Martin</span> <span class="surname">Michlmayr</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://lists.debian.org/debian-gcc/2006/03/msg00405.html" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id675268"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Migration guide for GCC-3.2"><a id="id451110"></a><p>[<abbr class="abbrev">
|
||||
lbl32
|
||||
</abbr>] <span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Migration guide for GCC-3.2
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>bitmap_allocator</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , allocator " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_allocators.html" title="Chapter 33. Allocators" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_allocators.html" title="Chapter 33. Allocators" /><link rel="next" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 34. Containers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">bitmap_allocator</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_allocators.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 33. Allocators</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_containers.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.allocator.bitmap"></a>bitmap_allocator</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.bitmap.design"></a>Design</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>bitmap_allocator</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , allocator " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_allocators.html" title="Chapter 33. Allocators" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_allocators.html" title="Chapter 33. Allocators" /><link rel="next" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 34. Containers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">bitmap_allocator</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_allocators.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 33. Allocators</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_containers.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="bitmap_allocator"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.allocator.bitmap"></a>bitmap_allocator</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="Design"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.bitmap.design"></a>Design</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
As this name suggests, this allocator uses a bit-map to keep track
|
||||
of the used and unused memory locations for it's book-keeping
|
||||
purposes.
|
||||
|
|
@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
|
|||
Mutex Protection around every allocation/deallocation. The state
|
||||
of the macro is picked up automatically from the gthr abstraction
|
||||
layer.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.bitmap.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.free_list_store"></a>Free List Store</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.bitmap.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Free List Store"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.free_list_store"></a>Free List Store</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The Free List Store (referred to as FLS for the remaining part of this
|
||||
document) is the Global memory pool that is shared by all instances of
|
||||
the bitmapped allocator instantiated for any type. This maintains a
|
||||
|
|
@ -65,17 +65,17 @@
|
|||
this internal fragmentation has to be decided by this function. I
|
||||
can see 3 possibilities right now. Please add more as and when you
|
||||
find better strategies.
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Equal size check. Return true only when the 2 blocks are of equal
|
||||
size.</p></li><li><p>Difference Threshold: Return true only when the _block_size is
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Equal size check. Return true only when the 2 blocks are of equal
|
||||
size.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Difference Threshold: Return true only when the _block_size is
|
||||
greater than or equal to the _required_size, and if the _BS is > _RS
|
||||
by a difference of less than some THRESHOLD value, then return true,
|
||||
else return false. </p></li><li><p>Percentage Threshold. Return true only when the _block_size is
|
||||
else return false. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Percentage Threshold. Return true only when the _block_size is
|
||||
greater than or equal to the _required_size, and if the _BS is > _RS
|
||||
by a percentage of less than some THRESHOLD value, then return true,
|
||||
else return false.</p></li></ol></div><p>
|
||||
Currently, (3) is being used with a value of 36% Maximum wastage per
|
||||
Super Block.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.super_block"></a>Super Block</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Super Block"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.super_block"></a>Super Block</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
A super block is the block of memory acquired from the FLS from
|
||||
which the bitmap allocator carves out memory for single objects
|
||||
and satisfies the user's requests. These super blocks come in
|
||||
|
|
@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ else return false.</p></li></ol></div><p>
|
|||
The super block is contained in the FLS, and the FLS is responsible for
|
||||
getting / returning Super Bocks to and from the OS using operator new
|
||||
as defined by the C++ standard.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.super_block_data"></a>Super Block Data Layout</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Super Block Data Layout"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.super_block_data"></a>Super Block Data Layout</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Each Super Block will be of some size that is a multiple of the
|
||||
number of Bits Per Block. Typically, this value is chosen as
|
||||
Bits_Per_Byte x sizeof(size_t). On an x86 system, this gives the
|
||||
|
|
@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ else return false.</p></li></ol></div><p>
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
Consider a block of size 64 ints. In memory, it would look like this:
|
||||
(assume a 32-bit system where, size_t is a 32-bit entity).
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id730908"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 33.1. Bitmap Allocator Memory Map</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Bitmap Allocator Memory Map" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">268</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">Data -> Space for 64 ints</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id530373"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 33.1. Bitmap Allocator Memory Map</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Bitmap Allocator Memory Map" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">268</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">Data -> Space for 64 ints</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
|
||||
The first Column(268) represents the size of the Block in bytes as
|
||||
seen by the Bitmap Allocator. Internally, a global free list is
|
||||
used to keep track of the free blocks used and given back by the
|
||||
|
|
@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ else return false.</p></li></ol></div><p>
|
|||
The 3rd 4x2 is size of the bitmap itself, which is the size of 32-bits
|
||||
x 2,
|
||||
which is 8-bytes, or 2 x sizeof(size_t).
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.max_wasted"></a>Maximum Wasted Percentage</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Maximum Wasted Percentage"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.max_wasted"></a>Maximum Wasted Percentage</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
This has nothing to do with the algorithm per-se,
|
||||
only with some vales that must be chosen correctly to ensure that the
|
||||
allocator performs well in a real word scenario, and maintains a good
|
||||
|
|
@ -155,29 +155,29 @@ For map/multimap: k = 12, and c = 4 (int and double), we get: 37.524%
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
Thus, knowing these values, and based on the sizeof(value_type), we may
|
||||
create a function that returns the Max_Wastage_Percentage for us to use.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.allocate"></a><code class="function">allocate</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="allocate"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.allocate"></a><code class="function">allocate</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The allocate function is specialized for single object allocation
|
||||
ONLY. Thus, ONLY if n == 1, will the bitmap_allocator's
|
||||
specialized algorithm be used. Otherwise, the request is satisfied
|
||||
directly by calling operator new.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Suppose n == 1, then the allocator does the following:
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Checks to see whether a free block exists somewhere in a region
|
||||
of memory close to the last satisfied request. If so, then that
|
||||
block is marked as allocated in the bit map and given to the
|
||||
user. If not, then (2) is executed.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Is there a free block anywhere after the current block right
|
||||
up to the end of the memory that we have? If so, that block is
|
||||
found, and the same procedure is applied as above, and
|
||||
returned to the user. If not, then (3) is executed.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Is there any block in whatever region of memory that we own
|
||||
free? This is done by checking
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
The use count for each super block, and if that fails then
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
The individual bit-maps for each super block.
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
Note: Here we are never touching any of the memory that the
|
||||
|
|
@ -186,21 +186,21 @@ For map/multimap: k = 12, and c = 4 (int and double), we get: 37.524%
|
|||
misses. If this succeeds then we apply the same procedure on
|
||||
that bit-map as (1), and return that block of memory to the
|
||||
user. However, if this process fails, then we resort to (4).
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
This process involves Refilling the internal exponentially
|
||||
growing memory pool. The said effect is achieved by calling
|
||||
_S_refill_pool which does the following:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Gets more memory from the Global Free List of the Required
|
||||
size.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Adjusts the size for the next call to itself.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Writes the appropriate headers in the bit-maps.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Sets the use count for that super-block just allocated to 0
|
||||
(zero).
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
All of the above accounts to maintaining the basic invariant
|
||||
for the allocator. If the invariant is maintained, we are
|
||||
sure that all is well. Now, the same process is applied on
|
||||
|
|
@ -210,13 +210,13 @@ For map/multimap: k = 12, and c = 4 (int and double), we get: 37.524%
|
|||
Thus, you can clearly see that the allocate function is nothing but a
|
||||
combination of the next-fit and first-fit algorithm optimized ONLY for
|
||||
single object allocations.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.deallocate"></a><code class="function">deallocate</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="deallocate"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.deallocate"></a><code class="function">deallocate</code></h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The deallocate function again is specialized for single objects ONLY.
|
||||
For all n belonging to > 1, the operator delete is called without
|
||||
further ado, and the deallocate function returns.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
However for n == 1, a series of steps are performed:
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
We first need to locate that super-block which holds the memory
|
||||
location given to us by the user. For that purpose, we maintain
|
||||
a static variable _S_last_dealloc_index, which holds the index
|
||||
|
|
@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ single object allocations.
|
|||
the check for belongs_to succeeds, then we determine the bit-map
|
||||
for the given pointer, and locate the index into that bit-map,
|
||||
and mark that bit as free by setting it.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
If the _S_last_dealloc_index does not point to the memory block
|
||||
that we're looking for, then we do a linear search on the block
|
||||
stored in the vector of Block Pairs. This vector in code is
|
||||
|
|
@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ single object allocations.
|
|||
the vector. While doing this, we also make sure that the basic
|
||||
invariant is maintained by making sure that _S_last_request and
|
||||
_S_last_dealloc_index point to valid locations within the vector.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.questions"></a>Questions</h4></div></div></div><div class="sect4" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.question.1"></a>1</h5></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Questions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.questions"></a>Questions</h4></div></div></div><div class="sect4" title="1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.question.1"></a>1</h5></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Q1) The "Data Layout" section is
|
||||
cryptic. I have no idea of what you are trying to say. Layout of what?
|
||||
The free-list? Each bitmap? The Super Block?
|
||||
|
|
@ -251,7 +251,7 @@ size. In the example, a super block of size 32 x 1 is taken. The
|
|||
general formula for calculating the size of a super block is
|
||||
32 x sizeof(value_type) x 2^n, where n ranges from 0 to 32 for 32-bit
|
||||
systems.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect4" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.question.2"></a>2</h5></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect4" title="2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.question.2"></a>2</h5></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
And since I just mentioned the
|
||||
term `each bitmap', what in the world is meant by it? What does each
|
||||
bitmap manage? How does it relate to the super block? Is the Super
|
||||
|
|
@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ Block a bitmap as well?
|
|||
blocks' status. Each bit-map is made up of a number of size_t,
|
||||
whose exact number for a super-block of a given size I have just
|
||||
mentioned.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect4" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.question.3"></a>3</h5></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect4" title="3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.question.3"></a>3</h5></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
How do the allocate and deallocate functions work in regard to
|
||||
bitmaps?
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -297,15 +297,15 @@ Block a bitmap as well?
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
The bit-map now looks like this:
|
||||
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111110
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.locality"></a>Locality</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Locality"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.locality"></a>Locality</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Another issue would be whether to keep the all bitmaps in a
|
||||
separate area in memory, or to keep them near the actual blocks
|
||||
that will be given out or allocated for the client. After some
|
||||
testing, I've decided to keep these bitmaps close to the actual
|
||||
blocks. This will help in 2 ways.
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Constant time access for the bitmap themselves, since no kind of
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Constant time access for the bitmap themselves, since no kind of
|
||||
look up will be needed to find the correct bitmap list or it's
|
||||
equivalent.</p></li><li><p>And also this would preserve the cache as far as possible.</p></li></ol></div><p>
|
||||
equivalent.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>And also this would preserve the cache as far as possible.</p></li></ol></div><p>
|
||||
So in effect, this kind of an allocator might prove beneficial from a
|
||||
purely cache point of view. But this allocator has been made to try and
|
||||
roll out the defects of the node_allocator, wherein the nodes get
|
||||
|
|
@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ equivalent.</p></li><li><p>And also this would preserve the cache as far as poss
|
|||
new_allocator's book keeping overhead is too much for small objects and
|
||||
single object allocations, though it preserves the locality of blocks
|
||||
very well when they are returned back to the allocator.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.grow_policy"></a>Overhead and Grow Policy</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Overhead and Grow Policy"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="bitmap.impl.grow_policy"></a>Overhead and Grow Policy</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Expected overhead per block would be 1 bit in memory. Also, once
|
||||
the address of the free list has been found, the cost for
|
||||
allocation/deallocation would be negligible, and is supposed to be
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>bitset</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="associative.html" title="Chapter 17. Associative" /><link rel="prev" href="associative.html" title="Chapter 17. Associative" /><link rel="next" href="containers_and_c.html" title="Chapter 18. Interacting with C" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">bitset</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="associative.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 17. Associative</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="containers.associative.bitset"></a>bitset</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="associative.bitset.size_variable"></a>Size Variable</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>bitset</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="associative.html" title="Chapter 17. Associative" /><link rel="prev" href="associative.html" title="Chapter 17. Associative" /><link rel="next" href="containers_and_c.html" title="Chapter 18. Interacting with C" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">bitset</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="associative.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 17. Associative</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="bitset"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="containers.associative.bitset"></a>bitset</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Size Variable"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="associative.bitset.size_variable"></a>Size Variable</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
No, you cannot write code of the form
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
#include <bitset>
|
||||
|
|
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
|
|||
There are a couple of ways to handle this kind of thing. Please
|
||||
consider all of them before passing judgement. They include, in
|
||||
no particular order:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>A very large N in <code class="code">bitset<N></code>.</p></li><li><p>A container<bool>.</p></li><li><p>Extremely weird solutions.</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>A very large N in <code class="code">bitset<N></code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A container<bool>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Extremely weird solutions.</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>A very large N in
|
||||
<code class="code">bitset<N></code>. </em></span> It has been
|
||||
pointed out a few times in newsgroups that N bits only takes up
|
||||
|
|
@ -28,10 +28,10 @@
|
|||
housekeeping info; it is known at compile time exactly how large
|
||||
the set is) will hold over four million bits. If you're using
|
||||
those bits as status flags (e.g.,
|
||||
“<span class="quote">changed</span>”/“<span class="quote">unchanged</span>” flags), that's a
|
||||
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">changed</span>”</span>/<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">unchanged</span>”</span> flags), that's a
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>lot</em></span> of state.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
You can then keep track of the “<span class="quote">maximum bit used</span>”
|
||||
You can then keep track of the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">maximum bit used</span>”</span>
|
||||
during some testing runs on representative data, make note of how
|
||||
many of those bits really need to be there, and then reduce N to
|
||||
a smaller number. Leave some extra space, of course. (If you
|
||||
|
|
@ -85,21 +85,21 @@
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
Also note that the implementation of bitset used in libstdc++ has
|
||||
<a class="link" href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html" title="HP/SGI">some extensions</a>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="associative.bitset.type_string"></a>Type String</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Type String"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="associative.bitset.type_string"></a>Type String</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Bitmasks do not take char* nor const char* arguments in their
|
||||
constructors. This is something of an accident, but you can read
|
||||
about the problem: follow the library's “<span class="quote">Links</span>” from
|
||||
the homepage, and from the C++ information “<span class="quote">defect
|
||||
reflector</span>” link, select the library issues list. Issue
|
||||
about the problem: follow the library's <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Links</span>”</span> from
|
||||
the homepage, and from the C++ information <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">defect
|
||||
reflector</span>”</span> link, select the library issues list. Issue
|
||||
number 116 describes the problem.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
For now you can simply make a temporary string object using the
|
||||
constructor expression:
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
std::bitset<5> b ( std::string(“<span class="quote">10110</span>”) );
|
||||
std::bitset<5> b ( std::string(<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">10110</span>”</span>) );
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
instead of
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
std::bitset<5> b ( “<span class="quote">10110</span>” ); // invalid
|
||||
std::bitset<5> b ( <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">10110</span>”</span> ); // invalid
|
||||
</pre></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="associative.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="associative.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 17. Associative </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 18. Interacting with C</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Index</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="appendix_gfdl.html" title="Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License" /><link rel="next" href="../bk02.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Index</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_gfdl.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="../bk02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="index"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id692397"></a>Index</h2></div></div></div><div class="index"><div class="indexdiv"><h3>A</h3><dl><dt>Algorithms, <a class="indexterm" href="algorithms.html">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Index</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="appendix_gfdl.html" title="Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License" /><link rel="next" href="../bk02.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Index</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_gfdl.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="../bk02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="index" title="Index"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id515964"></a>Index</h2></div></div></div><div class="index"><div class="indexdiv"><h3>A</h3><dl><dt>Algorithms, <a class="indexterm" href="algorithms.html">
|
||||
Algorithms
|
||||
|
||||
</a></dt><dt>Appendix</dt><dd><dl><dt>Contributing, <a class="indexterm" href="appendix_contributing.html">
|
||||
|
|
@ -42,7 +42,10 @@
|
|||
</a></dt><dt>Support, <a class="indexterm" href="support.html">
|
||||
Support
|
||||
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>U</h3><dl><dt>Utilities, <a class="indexterm" href="utilities.html">
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>T</h3><dl><dt>Test</dt><dd><dl><dt>Exception Safety, <a class="indexterm" href="test.html#test.exception.safety">
|
||||
Qualifying Exception Safety Guarantees
|
||||
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>U</h3><dl><dt>Utilities, <a class="indexterm" href="utilities.html">
|
||||
Utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</a></dt></dl></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_gfdl.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="../bk02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Numeric Properties</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="fundamental_types.html" title="Chapter 4. Types" /><link rel="prev" href="fundamental_types.html" title="Chapter 4. Types" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html" title="NULL" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Numeric Properties</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="fundamental_types.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 4. Types</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.support.types.numeric_limits"></a>Numeric Properties</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Numeric Properties</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="fundamental_types.html" title="Chapter 4. Types" /><link rel="prev" href="fundamental_types.html" title="Chapter 4. Types" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html" title="NULL" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Numeric Properties</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="fundamental_types.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 4. Types</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Numeric Properties"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.support.types.numeric_limits"></a>Numeric Properties</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The header <code class="filename">limits</code> defines
|
||||
traits classes to give access to various implementation
|
||||
defined-aspects of the fundamental types. The traits classes --
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>NULL</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="fundamental_types.html" title="Chapter 4. Types" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html" title="Numeric Properties" /><link rel="next" href="dynamic_memory.html" title="Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">NULL</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 4. Types</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="dynamic_memory.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.support.types.null"></a>NULL</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>NULL</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="fundamental_types.html" title="Chapter 4. Types" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html" title="Numeric Properties" /><link rel="next" href="dynamic_memory.html" title="Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">NULL</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 4. Types</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="dynamic_memory.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="NULL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.support.types.null"></a>NULL</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The only change that might affect people is the type of
|
||||
<code class="constant">NULL</code>: while it is required to be a macro,
|
||||
the definition of that macro is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> allowed
|
||||
|
|
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
|
|||
<span class="command"><strong>g++</strong></span>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
The biggest problem of #defining <code class="constant">NULL</code> to be
|
||||
something like “<span class="quote">0L</span>” is that the compiler will view
|
||||
something like <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">0L</span>”</span> is that the compiler will view
|
||||
that as a long integer before it views it as a pointer, so
|
||||
overloading won't do what you expect. (This is why
|
||||
<span class="command"><strong>g++</strong></span> has a magic extension, so that
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /><link rel="prev" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /><link rel="next" href="fundamental_types.html" title="Chapter 4. Types" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="support.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /><link rel="prev" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /><link rel="next" href="fundamental_types.html" title="Chapter 4. Types" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="support.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II.
|
||||
Support
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="fundamental_types.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id650354"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="fundamental_types.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id507716"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
This part deals with the functions called and objects created
|
||||
automatically during the course of a program's existence.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Adding Data to Exceptions</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="exceptions.html" title="Chapter 7. Exceptions" /><link rel="prev" href="exceptions.html" title="Chapter 7. Exceptions" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt03ch08.html" title="Chapter 8. Concept Checking" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Adding Data to Exceptions</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="exceptions.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 7. Exceptions</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt03ch08.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.diagnostics.exceptions.data"></a>Adding Data to Exceptions</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Adding Data to Exceptions</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="exceptions.html" title="Chapter 7. Exceptions" /><link rel="prev" href="exceptions.html" title="Chapter 7. Exceptions" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt03ch08.html" title="Chapter 8. Concept Checking" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Adding Data to Exceptions</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="exceptions.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 7. Exceptions</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt03ch08.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Adding Data to Exceptions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.diagnostics.exceptions.data"></a>Adding Data to Exceptions</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The standard exception classes carry with them a single string as
|
||||
data (usually describing what went wrong or where the 'throw' took
|
||||
place). It's good to remember that you can add your own data to
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 8. Concept Checking</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="diagnostics.html" title="Part III. Diagnostics" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html" title="Adding Data to Exceptions" /><link rel="next" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV. Utilities" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 8. Concept Checking</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part III.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 8. Concept Checking</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="diagnostics.html" title="Part III. Diagnostics" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html" title="Adding Data to Exceptions" /><link rel="next" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV. Utilities" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 8. Concept Checking</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part III.
|
||||
Diagnostics
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.diagnostics.concept_checking"></a>Chapter 8. Concept Checking</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
In 1999, SGI added “<span class="quote">concept checkers</span>” to their
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 8. Concept Checking"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.diagnostics.concept_checking"></a>Chapter 8. Concept Checking</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
In 1999, SGI added <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">concept checkers</span>”</span> to their
|
||||
implementation of the STL: code which checked the template
|
||||
parameters of instantiated pieces of the STL, in order to insure
|
||||
that the parameters being used met the requirements of the
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 13. String Classes</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="strings.html" title="Part V. Strings" /><link rel="prev" href="strings.html" title="Part V. Strings" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html" title="Case Sensitivity" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="strings.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part V.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 13. String Classes</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="strings.html" title="Part V. Strings" /><link rel="prev" href="strings.html" title="Part V. Strings" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html" title="Case Sensitivity" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="strings.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part V.
|
||||
Strings
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.strings.string"></a>Chapter 13. String Classes</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html#strings.string.simple">Simple Transformations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Arbitrary Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Tokenizing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Shrink to Fit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">CString (MFC)</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.simple"></a>Simple Transformations</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 13. String Classes"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.strings.string"></a>Chapter 13. String Classes</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html#strings.string.simple">Simple Transformations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Arbitrary Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Tokenizing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Shrink to Fit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">CString (MFC)</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="Simple Transformations"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.simple"></a>Simple Transformations</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Here are Standard, simple, and portable ways to perform common
|
||||
transformations on a <code class="code">string</code> instance, such as
|
||||
"convert to all upper case." The word transformations
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Case Sensitivity</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html" title="Arbitrary Character Types" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Case Sensitivity</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.case"></a>Case Sensitivity</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Case Sensitivity</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html" title="Arbitrary Character Types" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Case Sensitivity</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Case Sensitivity"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.case"></a>Case Sensitivity</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>The well-known-and-if-it-isn't-well-known-it-ought-to-be
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.gotw.ca/gotw/" target="_top">Guru of the Week</a>
|
||||
discussions held on Usenet covered this topic in January of 1998.
|
||||
Briefly, the challenge was, “<span class="quote">write a 'ci_string' class which
|
||||
Briefly, the challenge was, <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">write a 'ci_string' class which
|
||||
is identical to the standard 'string' class, but is
|
||||
case-insensitive in the same way as the (common but nonstandard)
|
||||
C function stricmp()</span>”.
|
||||
C function stricmp()</span>”</span>.
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
ci_string s( "AbCdE" );
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Arbitrary Character Types</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html" title="Case Sensitivity" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html" title="Tokenizing" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Arbitrary Character Types</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.character_types"></a>Arbitrary Character Types</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Arbitrary Character Types</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html" title="Case Sensitivity" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html" title="Tokenizing" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Arbitrary Character Types</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Arbitrary Character Types"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.character_types"></a>Arbitrary Character Types</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>The <code class="code">std::basic_string</code> is tantalizingly general, in that
|
||||
it is parameterized on the type of the characters which it holds.
|
||||
In theory, you could whip up a Unicode character class and instantiate
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Tokenizing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html" title="Arbitrary Character Types" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html" title="Shrink to Fit" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Tokenizing</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.token"></a>Tokenizing</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Tokenizing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html" title="Arbitrary Character Types" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html" title="Shrink to Fit" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Tokenizing</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Tokenizing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.token"></a>Tokenizing</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>The Standard C (and C++) function <code class="code">strtok()</code> leaves a lot to
|
||||
be desired in terms of user-friendliness. It's unintuitive, it
|
||||
destroys the character string on which it operates, and it requires
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Shrink to Fit</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html" title="Tokenizing" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html" title="CString (MFC)" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Shrink to Fit</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.shrink"></a>Shrink to Fit</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Shrink to Fit</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html" title="Tokenizing" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html" title="CString (MFC)" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Shrink to Fit</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Shrink to Fit"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.shrink"></a>Shrink to Fit</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>From GCC 3.4 calling <code class="code">s.reserve(res)</code> on a
|
||||
<code class="code">string s</code> with <code class="code">res < s.capacity()</code> will
|
||||
reduce the string's capacity to <code class="code">std::max(s.size(), res)</code>.
|
||||
|
|
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
|
|||
std::string(str.data(), str.size()).swap(str);
|
||||
</pre><p>This is similar to the idiom for reducing
|
||||
a <code class="code">vector</code>'s memory usage
|
||||
(see <a class="link" href="../faq.html#faq.size_equals_capacity" title="Question">this FAQ
|
||||
(see <a class="link" href="../faq.html#faq.size_equals_capacity" title="7.8.">this FAQ
|
||||
entry</a>) but the regular copy constructor cannot be used
|
||||
because libstdc++'s <code class="code">string</code> is Copy-On-Write.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Tokenizing </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> CString (MFC)</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>CString (MFC)</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html" title="Shrink to Fit" /><link rel="next" href="localization.html" title="Part VI. Localization" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">CString (MFC)</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="localization.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.Cstring"></a>CString (MFC)</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>CString (MFC)</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html" title="Shrink to Fit" /><link rel="next" href="localization.html" title="Part VI. Localization" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">CString (MFC)</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="localization.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="CString (MFC)"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.Cstring"></a>CString (MFC)</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>A common lament seen in various newsgroups deals with the Standard
|
||||
string class as opposed to the Microsoft Foundation Class called
|
||||
CString. Often programmers realize that a standard portable
|
||||
|
|
@ -10,12 +10,12 @@
|
|||
</p><p>Things are not as bad as they seem. In
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/1999-04n/msg00236.html" target="_top">this
|
||||
message</a>, Joe Buck points out a few very important things:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>The Standard <code class="code">string</code> supports all the operations
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>The Standard <code class="code">string</code> supports all the operations
|
||||
that CString does, with three exceptions.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>Two of those exceptions (whitespace trimming and case
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Two of those exceptions (whitespace trimming and case
|
||||
conversion) are trivial to implement. In fact, we do so
|
||||
on this page.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>The third is <code class="code">CString::Format</code>, which allows formatting
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The third is <code class="code">CString::Format</code>, which allows formatting
|
||||
in the style of <code class="code">sprintf</code>. This deserves some mention:
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
The old libg++ library had a function called form(), which did much
|
||||
|
|
@ -68,18 +68,18 @@
|
|||
performance is O(n).
|
||||
</pre><p>Joe Buck also pointed out some other things to keep in mind when
|
||||
comparing CString and the Standard string class:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>CString permits access to its internal representation; coders
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>CString permits access to its internal representation; coders
|
||||
who exploited that may have problems moving to <code class="code">string</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>Microsoft ships the source to CString (in the files
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Microsoft ships the source to CString (in the files
|
||||
MFC\SRC\Str{core,ex}.cpp), so you could fix the allocation
|
||||
bug and rebuild your MFC libraries.
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em><span class="emphasis"><em>Note:</em></span> It looks like the CString shipped
|
||||
with VC++6.0 has fixed this, although it may in fact have been
|
||||
one of the VC++ SPs that did it.</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">string</code> operations like this have O(n) complexity
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">string</code> operations like this have O(n) complexity
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>if the implementors do it correctly</em></span>. The libstdc++
|
||||
implementors did it correctly. Other vendors might not.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>While parts of the SGI STL are used in libstdc++, their
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>While parts of the SGI STL are used in libstdc++, their
|
||||
string class is not. The SGI <code class="code">string</code> is essentially
|
||||
<code class="code">vector<char></code> and does not do any reference
|
||||
counting like libstdc++'s does. (It is O(n), though.)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 19. Predefined</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="iterators.html" title="Part VIII. Iterators" /><link rel="prev" href="iterators.html" title="Part VIII. Iterators" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html" title="One Past the End" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 19. Predefined</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VIII.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 19. Predefined</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="iterators.html" title="Part VIII. Iterators" /><link rel="prev" href="iterators.html" title="Part VIII. Iterators" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html" title="One Past the End" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 19. Predefined</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VIII.
|
||||
Iterators
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.iterators.predefined"></a>Chapter 19. Predefined</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="iterators.predefined.vs_pointers"></a>Iterators vs. Pointers</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 19. Predefined"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.iterators.predefined"></a>Chapter 19. Predefined</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="Iterators vs. Pointers"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="iterators.predefined.vs_pointers"></a>Iterators vs. Pointers</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The following
|
||||
FAQ <a class="link" href="../faq.html#faq.iterator_as_pod" title="Question">entry</a> points out that
|
||||
FAQ <a class="link" href="../faq.html#faq.iterator_as_pod" title="7.1.">entry</a> points out that
|
||||
iterators are not implemented as pointers. They are a generalization
|
||||
of pointers, but they are implemented in libstdc++ as separate
|
||||
classes.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>One Past the End</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /><link rel="next" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">One Past the End</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Predefined</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="iterators.predefined.end"></a>One Past the End</h2></div></div></div><p>This starts off sounding complicated, but is actually very easy,
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>One Past the End</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /><link rel="next" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">One Past the End</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Predefined</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="One Past the End"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="iterators.predefined.end"></a>One Past the End</h2></div></div></div><p>This starts off sounding complicated, but is actually very easy,
|
||||
especially towards the end. Trust me.
|
||||
</p><p>Beginners usually have a little trouble understand the whole
|
||||
'past-the-end' thing, until they remember their early algebra classes
|
||||
|
|
@ -9,15 +9,15 @@
|
|||
</p><p>First, some history, and a reminder of some of the funkier rules in
|
||||
C and C++ for builtin arrays. The following rules have always been
|
||||
true for both languages:
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>You can point anywhere in the array, <span class="emphasis"><em>or to the first element
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>You can point anywhere in the array, <span class="emphasis"><em>or to the first element
|
||||
past the end of the array</em></span>. A pointer that points to one
|
||||
past the end of the array is guaranteed to be as unique as a
|
||||
pointer to somewhere inside the array, so that you can compare
|
||||
such pointers safely.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>You can only dereference a pointer that points into an array.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>You can only dereference a pointer that points into an array.
|
||||
If your array pointer points outside the array -- even to just
|
||||
one past the end -- and you dereference it, Bad Things happen.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>Strictly speaking, simply pointing anywhere else invokes
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Strictly speaking, simply pointing anywhere else invokes
|
||||
undefined behavior. Most programs won't puke until such a
|
||||
pointer is actually dereferenced, but the standards leave that
|
||||
up to the platform.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 20. Mutating</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library , algorithm " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt09pr02.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 20. Mutating</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IX.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 20. Mutating</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library , algorithm " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt09pr02.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 20. Mutating</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IX.
|
||||
Algorithms
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.algorithms.mutating"></a>Chapter 20. Mutating</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap">swap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="algorithms.mutating.swap"></a><code class="function">swap</code></h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="algorithms.swap.specializations"></a>Specializations</h3></div></div></div><p>If you call <code class="code"> std::swap(x,y); </code> where x and y are standard
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 20. Mutating"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.algorithms.mutating"></a>Chapter 20. Mutating</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap"><code class="function">swap</code></a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="swap"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="algorithms.mutating.swap"></a><code class="function">swap</code></h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Specializations"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="algorithms.swap.specializations"></a>Specializations</h3></div></div></div><p>If you call <code class="code"> std::swap(x,y); </code> where x and y are standard
|
||||
containers, then the call will automatically be replaced by a call to
|
||||
<code class="code"> x.swap(y); </code> instead.
|
||||
</p><p>This allows member functions of each container class to take over, and
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library , algorithm " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /><link rel="prev" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt09ch20.html" title="Chapter 20. Mutating" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IX.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library , algorithm " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /><link rel="prev" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt09ch20.html" title="Chapter 20. Mutating" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IX.
|
||||
Algorithms
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id617760"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id455881"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The neatest accomplishment of the algorithms chapter is that all the
|
||||
work is done via iterators, not containers directly. This means two
|
||||
important things:
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Anything that behaves like an iterator can be used in one of
|
||||
these algorithms. Raw pointers make great candidates, thus
|
||||
built-in arrays are fine containers, as well as your own iterators.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
The algorithms do not (and cannot) affect the container as a
|
||||
whole; only the things between the two iterator endpoints. If
|
||||
you pass a range of iterators only enclosing the middle third of
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>C99</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="numerics_and_c.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /><link rel="prev" href="numerics_and_c.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /><link rel="next" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">C99</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="numerics_and_c.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 23. Interacting with C</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="numerics.c.c99"></a>C99</h2></div></div></div><p>In addition to the other topics on this page, we'll note here some
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>C99</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="numerics_and_c.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /><link rel="prev" href="numerics_and_c.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /><link rel="next" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">C99</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="numerics_and_c.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 23. Interacting with C</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="C99"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="numerics.c.c99"></a>C99</h2></div></div></div><p>In addition to the other topics on this page, we'll note here some
|
||||
of the C99 features that appear in libstdc++.
|
||||
</p><p>The C99 features depend on the <code class="code">--enable-c99</code> configure flag.
|
||||
This flag is already on by default, but it can be disabled by the
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Buffering</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="streambufs.html" title="Chapter 25. Stream Buffers" /><link rel="prev" href="streambufs.html" title="Chapter 25. Stream Buffers" /><link rel="next" href="stringstreams.html" title="Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Buffering</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="streambufs.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 25. Stream Buffers</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="stringstreams.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="io.streambuf.buffering"></a>Buffering</h2></div></div></div><p>First, are you sure that you understand buffering? Particularly
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Buffering</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="streambufs.html" title="Chapter 25. Stream Buffers" /><link rel="prev" href="streambufs.html" title="Chapter 25. Stream Buffers" /><link rel="next" href="stringstreams.html" title="Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Buffering</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="streambufs.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 25. Stream Buffers</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="stringstreams.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Buffering"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="io.streambuf.buffering"></a>Buffering</h2></div></div></div><p>First, are you sure that you understand buffering? Particularly
|
||||
the fact that C++ may not, in fact, have anything to do with it?
|
||||
</p><p>The rules for buffering can be a little odd, but they aren't any
|
||||
different from those of C. (Maybe that's why they can be a bit
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Binary Input and Output</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="fstreams.html" title="Chapter 27. File Based Streams" /><link rel="prev" href="fstreams.html" title="Chapter 27. File Based Streams" /><link rel="next" href="io_and_c.html" title="Chapter 28. Interacting with C" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Binary Input and Output</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="fstreams.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 27. File Based Streams</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.filestreams.binary"></a>Binary Input and Output</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Binary Input and Output</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="fstreams.html" title="Chapter 27. File Based Streams" /><link rel="prev" href="fstreams.html" title="Chapter 27. File Based Streams" /><link rel="next" href="io_and_c.html" title="Chapter 28. Interacting with C" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Binary Input and Output</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="fstreams.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 27. File Based Streams</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Binary Input and Output"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.filestreams.binary"></a>Binary Input and Output</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>The first and most important thing to remember about binary I/O is
|
||||
that opening a file with <code class="code">ios::binary</code> is not, repeat
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span>, the only thing you have to do. It is not a silver
|
||||
|
|
@ -38,26 +38,26 @@
|
|||
of <span class="emphasis"><em>formatting</em></span> functions and classes to perform something
|
||||
which <span class="emphasis"><em>requires</em></span> that formatting not be done? There are a
|
||||
seemingly infinite number of solutions, and a few are listed here:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>“<span class="quote">Derive your own fstream-type classes and write your own
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Derive your own fstream-type classes and write your own
|
||||
<</>> operators to do binary I/O on whatever data
|
||||
types you're using.</span>”
|
||||
types you're using.</span>”</span>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
This is a Bad Thing, because while
|
||||
the compiler would probably be just fine with it, other humans
|
||||
are going to be confused. The overloaded bitshift operators
|
||||
have a well-defined meaning (formatting), and this breaks it.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
“<span class="quote">Build the file structure in memory, then
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Build the file structure in memory, then
|
||||
<code class="code">mmap()</code> the file and copy the
|
||||
structure.
|
||||
</span>”
|
||||
</span>”</span>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Well, this is easy to make work, and easy to break, and is
|
||||
pretty equivalent to using <code class="code">::read()</code> and
|
||||
<code class="code">::write()</code> directly, and makes no use of the
|
||||
iostream library at all...
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
“<span class="quote">Use streambufs, that's what they're there for.</span>”
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Use streambufs, that's what they're there for.</span>”</span>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
While not trivial for the beginner, this is the best of all
|
||||
solutions. The streambuf/filebuf layer is the layer that is
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Performance</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io_and_c.html" title="Chapter 28. Interacting with C" /><link rel="prev" href="io_and_c.html" title="Chapter 28. Interacting with C" /><link rel="next" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Performance</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="io_and_c.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 28. Interacting with C</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="extensions.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.c.sync"></a>Performance</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Performance</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io_and_c.html" title="Chapter 28. Interacting with C" /><link rel="prev" href="io_and_c.html" title="Chapter 28. Interacting with C" /><link rel="next" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Performance</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="io_and_c.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 28. Interacting with C</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="extensions.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Performance"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.c.sync"></a>Performance</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Pathetic Performance? Ditch C.
|
||||
</p><p>It sounds like a flame on C, but it isn't. Really. Calm down.
|
||||
I'm just saying it to get your attention.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Semantics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , debug " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html" title="Using" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Semantics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="debug_mode.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 30. Debug Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode.semantics"></a>Semantics</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Semantics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , debug " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html" title="Using" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Semantics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="debug_mode.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 30. Debug Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Semantics"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode.semantics"></a>Semantics</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>A program that uses the C++ standard library correctly
|
||||
will maintain the same semantics under debug mode as it had with
|
||||
the normal (release) library. All functional and exception-handling
|
||||
|
|
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
|
|||
(N.B. In GCC 3.4.x and 4.0.0, due to a bug,
|
||||
<code class="code">-D_GLIBXX_DEBUG_PEDANTIC</code> was also needed. The problem has
|
||||
been fixed in GCC 4.0.1 and later versions.) </p><p>The following library components provide extra debugging
|
||||
capabilities in debug mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">std::basic_string</code> (no safe iterators and see note below)</p></li><li><p><code class="code">std::bitset</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">std::deque</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">std::list</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">std::map</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">std::multimap</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">std::multiset</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">std::set</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">std::vector</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">std::unordered_map</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">std::unordered_multimap</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">std::unordered_set</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">std::unordered_multiset</code></p></li></ul></div><p>N.B. although there are precondition checks for some string operations,
|
||||
capabilities in debug mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::basic_string</code> (no safe iterators and see note below)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::bitset</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::deque</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::list</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::map</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::multimap</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::multiset</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::set</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::vector</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::unordered_map</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::unordered_multimap</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::unordered_set</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::unordered_multiset</code></p></li></ul></div><p>N.B. although there are precondition checks for some string operations,
|
||||
e.g. <code class="code">operator[]</code>,
|
||||
they will not always be run when using the <code class="code">char</code> and
|
||||
<code class="code">wchar_t</code> specialisations (<code class="code">std::string</code> and
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Using</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , debug " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html" title="Semantics" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html" title="Design" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Using</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 30. Debug Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode.using"></a>Using</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.using.mode"></a>Using the Debug Mode</h3></div></div></div><p>To use the libstdc++ debug mode, compile your application with the
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Using</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , debug " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html" title="Semantics" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html" title="Design" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Using</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 30. Debug Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Using"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode.using"></a>Using</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="Using the Debug Mode"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.using.mode"></a>Using the Debug Mode</h3></div></div></div><p>To use the libstdc++ debug mode, compile your application with the
|
||||
compiler flag <code class="code">-D_GLIBCXX_DEBUG</code>. Note that this flag
|
||||
changes the sizes and behavior of standard class templates such
|
||||
as <code class="code">std::vector</code>, and therefore you can only link code
|
||||
|
|
@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
|
|||
units.</p><p>By default, error messages are formatted to fit on lines of about
|
||||
78 characters. The environment variable
|
||||
<code class="code">GLIBCXX_DEBUG_MESSAGE_LENGTH</code> can be used to request a
|
||||
different length.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.using.specific"></a>Using a Specific Debug Container</h3></div></div></div><p>When it is not feasible to recompile your entire application, or
|
||||
different length.</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Using a Specific Debug Container"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.using.specific"></a>Using a Specific Debug Container</h3></div></div></div><p>When it is not feasible to recompile your entire application, or
|
||||
only specific containers need checking, debugging containers are
|
||||
available as GNU extensions. These debugging containers are
|
||||
functionally equivalent to the standard drop-in containers used in
|
||||
|
|
@ -19,6 +19,6 @@
|
|||
mode or with debug mode. The
|
||||
following table provides the names and headers of the debugging
|
||||
containers:
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id672482"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 30.1. Debugging Containers</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Debugging Containers" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Container</th><th align="left">Header</th><th align="left">Debug container</th><th align="left">Debug header</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">bitset</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">deque</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">list</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::wstring</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::wstring</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::basic_string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::basic_string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">vector</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>In addition, when compiling in C++0x mode, these additional
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id536896"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 30.1. Debugging Containers</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Debugging Containers" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Container</th><th align="left">Header</th><th align="left">Debug container</th><th align="left">Debug header</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::bitset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">bitset</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::deque</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">deque</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::list</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">list</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">set</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::wstring</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::wstring</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::basic_string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::basic_string</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">string</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::vector</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">vector</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>In addition, when compiling in C++0x mode, these additional
|
||||
containers have additional debug capability.
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id646525"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 30.2. Debugging Containers C++0x</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Debugging Containers C++0x" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Container</th><th align="left">Header</th><th align="left">Debug container</th><th align="left">Debug header</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="debug_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Semantics </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Design</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id509362"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 30.2. Debugging Containers C++0x</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Debugging Containers C++0x" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Container</th><th align="left">Header</th><th align="left">Debug container</th><th align="left">Debug header</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_multimap</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_map</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::unordered_multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_debug::unordered_multiset</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">unordered_set</code></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="debug_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Semantics </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Design</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Design</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , debug " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html" title="Using" /><link rel="next" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 31. Parallel Mode" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Design</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 30. Debug Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="parallel_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.goals"></a>Goals</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Design</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , debug " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html" title="Using" /><link rel="next" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 31. Parallel Mode" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Design</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 30. Debug Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="parallel_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Design"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="Goals"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.goals"></a>Goals</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p> The libstdc++ debug mode replaces unsafe (but efficient) standard
|
||||
containers and iterators with semantically equivalent safe standard
|
||||
containers and iterators to aid in debugging user programs. The
|
||||
following goals directed the design of the libstdc++ debug mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Correctness</em></span>: the libstdc++ debug mode must not change
|
||||
following goals directed the design of the libstdc++ debug mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Correctness</em></span>: the libstdc++ debug mode must not change
|
||||
the semantics of the standard library for all cases specified in
|
||||
the ANSI/ISO C++ standard. The essence of this constraint is that
|
||||
any valid C++ program should behave in the same manner regardless
|
||||
|
|
@ -16,18 +16,18 @@
|
|||
valid. A program that is not valid C++ (e.g., invokes undefined
|
||||
behavior) is not required to behave similarly, although the debug
|
||||
mode will abort with a diagnostic when it detects undefined
|
||||
behavior.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Performance</em></span>: the additional of the libstdc++ debug mode
|
||||
behavior.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Performance</em></span>: the additional of the libstdc++ debug mode
|
||||
must not affect the performance of the library when it is compiled
|
||||
in release mode. Performance of the libstdc++ debug mode is
|
||||
secondary (and, in fact, will be worse than the release
|
||||
mode).</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Usability</em></span>: the libstdc++ debug mode should be easy to
|
||||
mode).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Usability</em></span>: the libstdc++ debug mode should be easy to
|
||||
use. It should be easily incorporated into the user's development
|
||||
environment (e.g., by requiring only a single new compiler switch)
|
||||
and should produce reasonable diagnostics when it detects a
|
||||
problem with the user program. Usability also involves detection
|
||||
of errors when using the debug mode incorrectly, e.g., by linking
|
||||
a release-compiled object against a debug-compiled object if in
|
||||
fact the resulting program will not run correctly.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Minimize recompilation</em></span>: While it is expected that
|
||||
fact the resulting program will not run correctly.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Minimize recompilation</em></span>: While it is expected that
|
||||
users recompile at least part of their program to use debug
|
||||
mode, the amount of recompilation affects the
|
||||
detect-compile-debug turnaround time. This indirectly affects the
|
||||
|
|
@ -39,24 +39,24 @@
|
|||
higher-numbered conformance levels are more usable (i.e., require
|
||||
less recompilation) but are more complicated to implement than
|
||||
the lower-numbered conformance levels.
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Full recompilation</em></span>: The user must recompile his or
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Full recompilation</em></span>: The user must recompile his or
|
||||
her entire application and all C++ libraries it depends on,
|
||||
including the C++ standard library that ships with the
|
||||
compiler. This must be done even if only a small part of the
|
||||
program can use debugging features.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Full user recompilation</em></span>: The user must recompile
|
||||
program can use debugging features.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Full user recompilation</em></span>: The user must recompile
|
||||
his or her entire application and all C++ libraries it depends
|
||||
on, but not the C++ standard library itself. This must be done
|
||||
even if only a small part of the program can use debugging
|
||||
features. This can be achieved given a full recompilation
|
||||
system by compiling two versions of the standard library when
|
||||
the compiler is installed and linking against the appropriate
|
||||
one, e.g., a multilibs approach.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Partial recompilation</em></span>: The user must recompile the
|
||||
one, e.g., a multilibs approach.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Partial recompilation</em></span>: The user must recompile the
|
||||
parts of his or her application and the C++ libraries it
|
||||
depends on that will use the debugging facilities
|
||||
directly. This means that any code that uses the debuggable
|
||||
standard containers would need to be recompiled, but code
|
||||
that does not use them (but may, for instance, use IOStreams)
|
||||
would not have to be recompiled.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Per-use recompilation</em></span>: The user must recompile the
|
||||
would not have to be recompiled.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Per-use recompilation</em></span>: The user must recompile the
|
||||
parts of his or her application and the C++ libraries it
|
||||
depends on where debugging should occur, and any other code
|
||||
that interacts with those containers. This means that a set of
|
||||
|
|
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
|
|||
behavior is technically a violation of the One Definition
|
||||
Rule, this ability tends to be very important in
|
||||
practice. The libstdc++ debug mode supports this level of
|
||||
recompilation. </p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Per-unit recompilation</em></span>: The user must only
|
||||
recompilation. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Per-unit recompilation</em></span>: The user must only
|
||||
recompile the translation units where checking should occur,
|
||||
regardless of where debuggable standard containers are
|
||||
used. This has also been dubbed "<code class="code">-g</code> mode",
|
||||
|
|
@ -89,10 +89,10 @@
|
|||
(performance regression) or allocating extra memory associated
|
||||
with each iterator with <code class="code">new</code> (changes the program
|
||||
semantics).</p></li></ol></div><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.methods"></a>Methods</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Methods"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.methods"></a>Methods</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>This section provides an overall view of the design of the
|
||||
libstdc++ debug mode and details the relationship between design
|
||||
decisions and the stated design goals.</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.methods.wrappers"></a>The Wrapper Model</h4></div></div></div><p>The libstdc++ debug mode uses a wrapper model where the
|
||||
decisions and the stated design goals.</p><div class="sect3" title="The Wrapper Model"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.methods.wrappers"></a>The Wrapper Model</h4></div></div></div><p>The libstdc++ debug mode uses a wrapper model where the
|
||||
debugging versions of library components (e.g., iterators and
|
||||
containers) form a layer on top of the release versions of the
|
||||
library components. The debugging components first verify that the
|
||||
|
|
@ -109,19 +109,19 @@
|
|||
their associated containers, which are necessary to detect certain
|
||||
types of standard library usage errors such as dereferencing
|
||||
past-the-end iterators or inserting into a container using an
|
||||
iterator from a different container.</p><div class="sect4" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.methods.safe_iter"></a>Safe Iterators</h5></div></div></div><p>Iterator wrappers provide a debugging layer over any iterator that
|
||||
iterator from a different container.</p><div class="sect4" title="Safe Iterators"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.methods.safe_iter"></a>Safe Iterators</h5></div></div></div><p>Iterator wrappers provide a debugging layer over any iterator that
|
||||
is attached to a particular container, and will manage the
|
||||
information detailing the iterator's state (singular,
|
||||
dereferenceable, etc.) and tracking the container to which the
|
||||
iterator is attached. Because iterators have a well-defined, common
|
||||
interface the iterator wrapper is implemented with the iterator
|
||||
adaptor class template <code class="code">__gnu_debug::_Safe_iterator</code>,
|
||||
which takes two template parameters:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">Iterator</code>: The underlying iterator type, which must
|
||||
which takes two template parameters:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">Iterator</code>: The underlying iterator type, which must
|
||||
be either the <code class="code">iterator</code> or <code class="code">const_iterator</code>
|
||||
typedef from the sequence type this iterator can reference.</p></li><li><p><code class="code">Sequence</code>: The type of sequence that this iterator
|
||||
typedef from the sequence type this iterator can reference.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">Sequence</code>: The type of sequence that this iterator
|
||||
references. This sequence must be a safe sequence (discussed below)
|
||||
whose <code class="code">iterator</code> or <code class="code">const_iterator</code> typedef
|
||||
is the type of the safe iterator.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.methods.safe_seq"></a>Safe Sequences (Containers)</h5></div></div></div><p>Container wrappers provide a debugging layer over a particular
|
||||
is the type of the safe iterator.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect4" title="Safe Sequences (Containers)"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.methods.safe_seq"></a>Safe Sequences (Containers)</h5></div></div></div><p>Container wrappers provide a debugging layer over a particular
|
||||
container type. Because containers vary greatly in the member
|
||||
functions they support and the semantics of those member functions
|
||||
(especially in the area of iterator invalidation), container
|
||||
|
|
@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ template<typename _Tp, typename _Allocator = allocator<_Tp>
|
|||
|
||||
// duplicate std::list interface with debugging semantics
|
||||
};
|
||||
</pre></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.methods.precond"></a>Precondition Checking</h4></div></div></div><p>The debug mode operates primarily by checking the preconditions of
|
||||
</pre></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Precondition Checking"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.methods.precond"></a>Precondition Checking</h4></div></div></div><p>The debug mode operates primarily by checking the preconditions of
|
||||
all standard library operations that it supports. Preconditions that
|
||||
are always checked (regardless of whether or not we are in debug
|
||||
mode) are checked via the <code class="code">__check_xxx</code> macros defined
|
||||
|
|
@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ template<typename _Tp, typename _Allocator = allocator<_Tp>
|
|||
cousin <code class="code">_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_PEDASSERT</code>, or the assertion
|
||||
check macro that supports more advance formulation of error
|
||||
messages, <code class="code">_GLIBCXX_DEBUG_VERIFY</code>. These macros are
|
||||
documented more thoroughly in the debug mode source code.</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.methods.coexistence"></a>Release- and debug-mode coexistence</h4></div></div></div><p>The libstdc++ debug mode is the first debug mode we know of that
|
||||
documented more thoroughly in the debug mode source code.</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Release- and debug-mode coexistence"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.methods.coexistence"></a>Release- and debug-mode coexistence</h4></div></div></div><p>The libstdc++ debug mode is the first debug mode we know of that
|
||||
is able to provide the "Per-use recompilation" (4) guarantee, that
|
||||
allows release-compiled and debug-compiled code to be linked and
|
||||
executed together without causing unpredictable behavior. This
|
||||
|
|
@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ template<typename _Tp, typename _Allocator = allocator<_Tp>
|
|||
recompilation but have had to give up some checking of the
|
||||
<code class="code">std::basic_string</code> class template (namely, safe
|
||||
iterators).
|
||||
</p><div class="sect4" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="methods.coexistence.compile"></a>Compile-time coexistence of release- and debug-mode components</h5></div></div></div><p>Both the release-mode components and the debug-mode
|
||||
</p><div class="sect4" title="Compile-time coexistence of release- and debug-mode components"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="methods.coexistence.compile"></a>Compile-time coexistence of release- and debug-mode components</h5></div></div></div><p>Both the release-mode components and the debug-mode
|
||||
components need to exist within a single translation unit so that
|
||||
the debug versions can wrap the release versions. However, only one
|
||||
of these components should be user-visible at any particular
|
||||
|
|
@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ namespace std
|
|||
// namespace __debug __attribute__ ((strong));
|
||||
inline namespace __debug { }
|
||||
}
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect4" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="methods.coexistence.link"></a>Link- and run-time coexistence of release- and
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect4" title="Link- and run-time coexistence of release- and debug-mode components"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="methods.coexistence.link"></a>Link- and run-time coexistence of release- and
|
||||
debug-mode components</h5></div></div></div><p>Because each component has a distinct and separate release and
|
||||
debug implementation, there are are no issues with link-time
|
||||
coexistence: the separate namespaces result in different mangled
|
||||
|
|
@ -301,11 +301,11 @@ test02()
|
|||
release-mode <code class="code">basic_string</code>? While the answer could be
|
||||
"both", and the difference hidden via renaming a la the
|
||||
debug/release containers, we must note two things about locale
|
||||
facets:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>They exist as shared state: one can create a facet in one
|
||||
facets:</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>They exist as shared state: one can create a facet in one
|
||||
translation unit and access the facet via the same type name in a
|
||||
different translation unit. This means that we cannot have two
|
||||
different versions of locale facets, because the types would not be
|
||||
the same across debug/release-mode translation unit barriers.</p></li><li><p>They have virtual functions returning strings: these functions
|
||||
the same across debug/release-mode translation unit barriers.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>They have virtual functions returning strings: these functions
|
||||
mangle in the same way regardless of the mangling of their return
|
||||
types (see above), and their precise signatures can be relied upon
|
||||
by users because they may be overridden in derived classes.</p></li></ol></div><p>With the design of libstdc++ debug mode, we cannot effectively hide
|
||||
|
|
@ -316,24 +316,24 @@ test02()
|
|||
changes. The effect on users is expected to be minimal, as there are
|
||||
simple alternatives (e.g., <code class="code">__gnu_debug::basic_string</code>),
|
||||
and the usability benefit we gain from the ability to mix debug- and
|
||||
release-compiled translation units is enormous.</p></div><div class="sect4" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="methods.coexistence.alt"></a>Alternatives for Coexistence</h5></div></div></div><p>The coexistence scheme above was chosen over many alternatives,
|
||||
release-compiled translation units is enormous.</p></div><div class="sect4" title="Alternatives for Coexistence"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="methods.coexistence.alt"></a>Alternatives for Coexistence</h5></div></div></div><p>The coexistence scheme above was chosen over many alternatives,
|
||||
including language-only solutions and solutions that also required
|
||||
extensions to the C++ front end. The following is a partial list of
|
||||
solutions, with justifications for our rejection of each.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Completely separate debug/release libraries</em></span>: This is by
|
||||
solutions, with justifications for our rejection of each.</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Completely separate debug/release libraries</em></span>: This is by
|
||||
far the simplest implementation option, where we do not allow any
|
||||
coexistence of debug- and release-compiled translation units in a
|
||||
program. This solution has an extreme negative affect on usability,
|
||||
because it is quite likely that some libraries an application
|
||||
depends on cannot be recompiled easily. This would not meet
|
||||
our <span class="emphasis"><em>usability</em></span> or <span class="emphasis"><em>minimize recompilation</em></span> criteria
|
||||
well.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Add a <code class="code">Debug</code> boolean template parameter</em></span>:
|
||||
well.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Add a <code class="code">Debug</code> boolean template parameter</em></span>:
|
||||
Partial specialization could be used to select the debug
|
||||
implementation when <code class="code">Debug == true</code>, and the state
|
||||
of <code class="code">_GLIBCXX_DEBUG</code> could decide whether the
|
||||
default <code class="code">Debug</code> argument is <code class="code">true</code>
|
||||
or <code class="code">false</code>. This option would break conformance with the
|
||||
C++ standard in both debug <span class="emphasis"><em>and</em></span> release modes. This would
|
||||
not meet our <span class="emphasis"><em>correctness</em></span> criteria. </p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Packaging a debug flag in the allocators</em></span>: We could
|
||||
not meet our <span class="emphasis"><em>correctness</em></span> criteria. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Packaging a debug flag in the allocators</em></span>: We could
|
||||
reuse the <code class="code">Allocator</code> template parameter of containers
|
||||
by adding a sentinel wrapper <code class="code">debug<></code> that
|
||||
signals the user's intention to use debugging, and pick up
|
||||
|
|
@ -344,18 +344,18 @@ test02()
|
|||
(and more importantly), users that specify allocators instead of
|
||||
implicitly using the default allocator would not get debugging
|
||||
containers. Thus this solution fails the <span class="emphasis"><em>correctness</em></span>
|
||||
criteria.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Define debug containers in another namespace, and employ
|
||||
criteria.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Define debug containers in another namespace, and employ
|
||||
a <code class="code">using</code> declaration (or directive)</em></span>: This is an
|
||||
enticing option, because it would eliminate the need for
|
||||
the <code class="code">link_name</code> extension by aliasing the
|
||||
templates. However, there is no true template aliasing mechanism
|
||||
is C++, because both <code class="code">using</code> directives and using
|
||||
declarations disallow specialization. This method fails
|
||||
the <span class="emphasis"><em>correctness</em></span> criteria.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em> Use implementation-specific properties of anonymous
|
||||
the <span class="emphasis"><em>correctness</em></span> criteria.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em> Use implementation-specific properties of anonymous
|
||||
namespaces. </em></span>
|
||||
See <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2003-08/msg00004.html" target="_top"> this post
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
This method fails the <span class="emphasis"><em>correctness</em></span> criteria.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Extension: allow reopening on namespaces</em></span>: This would
|
||||
This method fails the <span class="emphasis"><em>correctness</em></span> criteria.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Extension: allow reopening on namespaces</em></span>: This would
|
||||
allow the debug mode to effectively alias the
|
||||
namespace <code class="code">std</code> to an internal namespace, such
|
||||
as <code class="code">__gnu_std_debug</code>, so that it is completely
|
||||
|
|
@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ test02()
|
|||
instance, the program would have two <code class="code">std::cout</code>
|
||||
objects! This solution would fails the <span class="emphasis"><em>minimize
|
||||
recompilation</em></span> requirement, because we would only be able to
|
||||
support option (1) or (2).</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Extension: use link name</em></span>: This option involves
|
||||
support option (1) or (2).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Extension: use link name</em></span>: This option involves
|
||||
complicated re-naming between debug-mode and release-mode
|
||||
components at compile time, and then a g++ extension called <span class="emphasis"><em>
|
||||
link name </em></span> to recover the original names at link time. There
|
||||
|
|
@ -388,23 +388,23 @@ test02()
|
|||
that breaks user specialization), and additional testcases will be
|
||||
added as we are able to identify other typical problem cases. These
|
||||
test cases will serve as a benchmark by which we can compare debug
|
||||
mode implementations.</p></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.other"></a>Other Implementations</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
mode implementations.</p></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Other Implementations"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug_mode.design.other"></a>Other Implementations</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p> There are several existing implementations of debug modes for C++
|
||||
standard library implementations, although none of them directly
|
||||
supports debugging for programs using libstdc++. The existing
|
||||
implementations include:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.mathcs.sjsu.edu/faculty/horstman/safestl.html" target="_top">SafeSTL</a>:
|
||||
implementations include:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.mathcs.sjsu.edu/faculty/horstman/safestl.html" target="_top">SafeSTL</a>:
|
||||
SafeSTL was the original debugging version of the Standard Template
|
||||
Library (STL), implemented by Cay S. Horstmann on top of the
|
||||
Hewlett-Packard STL. Though it inspired much work in this area, it
|
||||
has not been kept up-to-date for use with modern compilers or C++
|
||||
standard library implementations.</p></li><li><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.stlport.org/" target="_top">STLport</a>: STLport is a free
|
||||
standard library implementations.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.stlport.org/" target="_top">STLport</a>: STLport is a free
|
||||
implementation of the C++ standard library derived from the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/" target="_top">SGI implementation</a>, and
|
||||
ported to many other platforms. It includes a debug mode that uses a
|
||||
wrapper model (that in some ways inspired the libstdc++ debug mode
|
||||
design), although at the time of this writing the debug mode is
|
||||
somewhat incomplete and meets only the "Full user recompilation" (2)
|
||||
recompilation guarantee by requiring the user to link against a
|
||||
different library in debug mode vs. release mode.</p></li><li><p>Metrowerks CodeWarrior: The C++ standard library
|
||||
different library in debug mode vs. release mode.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Metrowerks CodeWarrior: The C++ standard library
|
||||
that ships with Metrowerks CodeWarrior includes a debug mode. It is
|
||||
a full debug-mode implementation (including debugging for
|
||||
CodeWarrior extensions) and is easy to use, although it meets only
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Semantics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , parallel " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 31. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 31. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html" title="Using" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Semantics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="parallel_mode.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.semantics"></a>Semantics</h2></div></div></div><p> The parallel mode STL algorithms are currently not exception-safe,
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Semantics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , parallel " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 31. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 31. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html" title="Using" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Semantics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="parallel_mode.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Semantics"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.semantics"></a>Semantics</h2></div></div></div><p> The parallel mode STL algorithms are currently not exception-safe,
|
||||
i.e. user-defined functors must not throw exceptions.
|
||||
Also, the order of execution is not guaranteed for some functions, of course.
|
||||
Therefore, user-defined functors should not have any concurrent side effects.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
|
|
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Design</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , parallel " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 31. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html" title="Using" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html" title="Testing" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Design</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.intro"></a>Interface Basics</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Design</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , parallel " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 31. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html" title="Using" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html" title="Testing" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Design</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Design"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="Interface Basics"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.intro"></a>Interface Basics</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
All parallel algorithms are intended to have signatures that are
|
||||
equivalent to the ISO C++ algorithms replaced. For instance, the
|
||||
<code class="function">std::adjacent_find</code> function is declared as:
|
||||
|
|
@ -36,13 +36,13 @@ function, if no parallel functions are deemed worthy), based on either
|
|||
compile-time or run-time conditions.
|
||||
</p><p> The available signature options are specific for the different
|
||||
algorithms/algorithm classes.</p><p> The general view of overloads for the parallel algorithms look like this:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>ISO C++ signature</p></li><li><p>ISO C++ signature + sequential_tag argument</p></li><li><p>ISO C++ signature + algorithm-specific tag type
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>ISO C++ signature</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>ISO C++ signature + sequential_tag argument</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>ISO C++ signature + algorithm-specific tag type
|
||||
(several signatures)</p></li></ul></div><p> Please note that the implementation may use additional functions
|
||||
(designated with the <code class="code">_switch</code> suffix) to dispatch from the
|
||||
ISO C++ signature to the correct parallel version. Also, some of the
|
||||
algorithms do not have support for run-time conditions, so the last
|
||||
overload is therefore missing.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning"></a>Configuration and Tuning</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning.omp"></a>Setting up the OpenMP Environment</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Configuration and Tuning"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning"></a>Configuration and Tuning</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Setting up the OpenMP Environment"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning.omp"></a>Setting up the OpenMP Environment</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Several aspects of the overall runtime environment can be manipulated
|
||||
by standard OpenMP function calls.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Other parts of the runtime environment able to be manipulated include
|
|||
nested parallelism (<code class="function">omp_set_nested</code>), schedule kind
|
||||
(<code class="function">omp_set_schedule</code>), and others. See the OpenMP
|
||||
documentation for more information.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning.compile"></a>Compile Time Switches</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Compile Time Switches"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning.compile"></a>Compile Time Switches</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
To force an algorithm to execute sequentially, even though parallelism
|
||||
is switched on in general via the macro <code class="constant">_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL</code>,
|
||||
add <code class="classname">__gnu_parallel::sequential_tag()</code> to the end
|
||||
|
|
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ several additional choices, namely
|
|||
<code class="code">__gnu_parallel::balanced_quicksort_tag</code>.
|
||||
Multiway mergesort comes with the two splitting strategies for multi-way
|
||||
merging. The quicksort options cannot be used for <code class="code">stable_sort</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning.settings"></a>Run Time Settings and Defaults</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Run Time Settings and Defaults"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning.settings"></a>Run Time Settings and Defaults</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The default parallelization strategy, the choice of specific algorithm
|
||||
strategy, the minimum threshold limits for individual parallel
|
||||
algorithms, and aspects of the underlying hardware can be specified as
|
||||
|
|
@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ int main()
|
|||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
</pre></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.impl"></a>Implementation Namespaces</h3></div></div></div><p> One namespace contain versions of code that are always
|
||||
</pre></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Implementation Namespaces"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.impl"></a>Implementation Namespaces</h3></div></div></div><p> One namespace contain versions of code that are always
|
||||
explicitly sequential:
|
||||
<code class="code">__gnu_serial</code>.
|
||||
</p><p> Two namespaces contain the parallel mode:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Testing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , parallel " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 31. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Testing</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="profile_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.test"></a>Testing</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Testing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , parallel " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 31. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Testing</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="profile_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Testing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.test"></a>Testing</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Both the normal conformance and regression tests and the
|
||||
supplemental performance tests work.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Design</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , profile " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html" title="Extensions for Custom Containers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Design</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="profile_mode.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id647548"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 32.1. Code Location</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Code Location" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Code Location</th><th align="left">Use</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="code">libstdc++-v3/include/std/*</code></td><td align="left">Preprocessor code to redirect to profile extension headers.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="code">libstdc++-v3/include/profile/*</code></td><td align="left">Profile extension public headers (map, vector, ...).</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="code">libstdc++-v3/include/profile/impl/*</code></td><td align="left">Profile extension internals. Implementation files are
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Design</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , profile " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html" title="Extensions for Custom Containers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Design</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="profile_mode.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Design"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id415042"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 32.1. Code Location</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Code Location" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Code Location</th><th align="left">Use</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="code">libstdc++-v3/include/std/*</code></td><td align="left">Preprocessor code to redirect to profile extension headers.</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="code">libstdc++-v3/include/profile/*</code></td><td align="left">Profile extension public headers (map, vector, ...).</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="code">libstdc++-v3/include/profile/impl/*</code></td><td align="left">Profile extension internals. Implementation files are
|
||||
only included from <code class="code">impl/profiler.h</code>, which is the only
|
||||
file included from the public headers.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.wrapper"></a>Wrapper Model</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="Wrapper Model"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.wrapper"></a>Wrapper Model</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
In order to get our instrumented library version included instead of the
|
||||
release one,
|
||||
we use the same wrapper model as the debug mode.
|
||||
|
|
@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
|
|||
Currently, mixing the profile mode with debug and parallel extensions is
|
||||
not allowed. Mixing them at compile time will result in preprocessor errors.
|
||||
Mixing them at link time is undefined.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.instrumentation"></a>Instrumentation</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Instrumentation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.instrumentation"></a>Instrumentation</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Instead of instrumenting every public entry and exit point,
|
||||
we chose to add instrumentation on demand, as needed
|
||||
by individual diagnostics.
|
||||
|
|
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
All the instrumentation on/off compile time switches live in
|
||||
<code class="code">include/profile/profiler.h</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.rtlib"></a>Run Time Behavior</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Run Time Behavior"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.rtlib"></a>Run Time Behavior</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
For practical reasons, the instrumentation library processes the trace
|
||||
partially
|
||||
rather than dumping it to disk in raw form. Each event is processed when
|
||||
|
|
@ -63,25 +63,25 @@
|
|||
For details, see
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/CGO.2009.36" target="_top">paper presented at
|
||||
CGO 2009</a>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.analysis"></a>Analysis and Diagnostics</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Analysis and Diagnostics"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.analysis"></a>Analysis and Diagnostics</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Final analysis takes place offline, and it is based entirely on the
|
||||
generated trace and debugging info in the application binary.
|
||||
See section Diagnostics for a list of analysis types that we plan to support.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
The input to the analysis is a table indexed by profile type and call stack.
|
||||
The data type for each entry depends on the profile type.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.cost-model"></a>Cost Model</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Cost Model"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.cost-model"></a>Cost Model</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
While it is likely that cost models become complex as we get into
|
||||
more sophisticated analysis, we will try to follow a simple set of rules
|
||||
at the beginning.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Relative benefit estimation:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Relative benefit estimation:</em></span>
|
||||
The idea is to estimate or measure the cost of all operations
|
||||
in the original scenario versus the scenario we advise to switch to.
|
||||
For instance, when advising to change a vector to a list, an occurrence
|
||||
of the <code class="code">insert</code> method will generally count as a benefit.
|
||||
Its magnitude depends on (1) the number of elements that get shifted
|
||||
and (2) whether it triggers a reallocation.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Synthetic measurements:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Synthetic measurements:</em></span>
|
||||
We will measure the relative difference between similar operations on
|
||||
different containers. We plan to write a battery of small tests that
|
||||
compare the times of the executions of similar methods on different
|
||||
|
|
@ -89,16 +89,16 @@
|
|||
If this training phase is very quick, we may decide to perform it at
|
||||
library initialization time. The results can be cached on disk and reused
|
||||
across runs.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Timers:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Timers:</em></span>
|
||||
We plan to use timers for operations of larger granularity, such as sort.
|
||||
For instance, we can switch between different sort methods on the fly
|
||||
and report the one that performs best for each call context.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Show stoppers:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Show stoppers:</em></span>
|
||||
We may decide that the presence of an operation nullifies the advice.
|
||||
For instance, when considering switching from <code class="code">set</code> to
|
||||
<code class="code">unordered_set</code>, if we detect use of operator <code class="code">++</code>,
|
||||
we will simply not issue the advice, since this could signal that the use
|
||||
care require a sorted container.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.reports"></a>Reports</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
care require a sorted container.</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Reports"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.reports"></a>Reports</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
There are two types of reports. First, if we recognize a pattern for which
|
||||
we have a substitute that is likely to give better performance, we print
|
||||
the advice and estimated performance gain. The advice is usually associated
|
||||
|
|
@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ the top 10 <code class="code">multimap</code> locations
|
|||
which have the worst data locality in actual traversals.
|
||||
Although this does not offer a solution,
|
||||
it helps the user focus on the key problems and ignore the uninteresting ones.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.testing"></a>Testing</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Testing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.design.testing"></a>Testing</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
First, we want to make sure we preserve the behavior of the release mode.
|
||||
You can just type <code class="code">"make check-profile"</code>, which
|
||||
builds and runs the whole test suite in profile mode.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Extensions for Custom Containers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , profile " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html" title="Empirical Cost Model" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Extensions for Custom Containers</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.api"></a>Extensions for Custom Containers</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Extensions for Custom Containers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , profile " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html" title="Empirical Cost Model" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Extensions for Custom Containers</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Extensions for Custom Containers"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.api"></a>Extensions for Custom Containers</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Many large projects use their own data structures instead of the ones in the
|
||||
standard library. If these data structures are similar in functionality
|
||||
to the standard library, they can be instrumented with the same hooks
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Empirical Cost Model</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , profile " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html" title="Extensions for Custom Containers" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html" title="Implementation Issues" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Empirical Cost Model</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.cost_model"></a>Empirical Cost Model</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Empirical Cost Model</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , profile " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html" title="Extensions for Custom Containers" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html" title="Implementation Issues" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Empirical Cost Model</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Empirical Cost Model"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.cost_model"></a>Empirical Cost Model</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Currently, the cost model uses formulas with predefined relative weights
|
||||
for alternative containers or container implementations. For instance,
|
||||
iterating through a vector is X times faster than iterating through a list.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation Issues</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , profile " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html" title="Empirical Cost Model" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html" title="Developer Information" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation Issues</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation"></a>Implementation Issues</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.stack"></a>Stack Traces</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation Issues</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , profile " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html" title="Empirical Cost Model" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html" title="Developer Information" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation Issues</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s04.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Implementation Issues"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation"></a>Implementation Issues</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Stack Traces"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.stack"></a>Stack Traces</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Accurate stack traces are needed during profiling since we group events by
|
||||
call context and dynamic instance. Without accurate traces, diagnostics
|
||||
may be hard to interpret. For instance, when giving advice to the user
|
||||
|
|
@ -11,24 +11,24 @@
|
|||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_STACK_DEPTH</code> can be set
|
||||
to 0 if you are willing to give up call context information, or to a small
|
||||
positive value to reduce run time overhead.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.symbols"></a>Symbolization of Instruction Addresses</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Symbolization of Instruction Addresses"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.symbols"></a>Symbolization of Instruction Addresses</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The profiling and analysis phases use only instruction addresses.
|
||||
An external utility such as addr2line is needed to postprocess the result.
|
||||
We do not plan to add symbolization support in the profile extension.
|
||||
This would require access to symbol tables, debug information tables,
|
||||
external programs or libraries and other system dependent information.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.concurrency"></a>Concurrency</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Concurrency"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.concurrency"></a>Concurrency</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Our current model is simplistic, but precise.
|
||||
We cannot afford to approximate because some of our diagnostics require
|
||||
precise matching of operations to container instance and call context.
|
||||
During profiling, we keep a single information table per diagnostic.
|
||||
There is a single lock per information table.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.stdlib-in-proflib"></a>Using the Standard Library in the Instrumentation Implementation</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Using the Standard Library in the Instrumentation Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.stdlib-in-proflib"></a>Using the Standard Library in the Instrumentation Implementation</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
As much as we would like to avoid uses of stdlibc++ within our
|
||||
instrumentation library, containers such as unordered_map are very
|
||||
appealing. We plan to use them as long as they are named properly
|
||||
to avoid ambiguity.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.malloc-hooks"></a>Malloc Hooks</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Malloc Hooks"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.malloc-hooks"></a>Malloc Hooks</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
User applications/libraries can provide malloc hooks.
|
||||
When the implementation of the malloc hooks uses stdlibc++, there can
|
||||
be an infinite cycle between the profile mode instrumentation and the
|
||||
|
|
@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
|
|||
uses non-recursive locks.
|
||||
XXX: A definitive solution to this problem would be for the profile extension
|
||||
to use a custom allocator internally, and perhaps not to use libstdc++.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.construction-destruction"></a>Construction and Destruction of Global Objects</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Construction and Destruction of Global Objects"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.construction-destruction"></a>Construction and Destruction of Global Objects</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The profiling library state is initialized at the first call to a profiling
|
||||
method. This allows us to record the construction of all global objects.
|
||||
However, we cannot do the same at destruction time. The trace is written
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Developer Information</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , profile " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html" title="Implementation Issues" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html" title="Diagnostics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Developer Information</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer"></a>Developer Information</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer.bigpic"></a>Big Picture</h3></div></div></div><p>The profile mode headers are included with
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Developer Information</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , profile " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html" title="Implementation Issues" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html" title="Diagnostics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Developer Information</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s05.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Developer Information"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer"></a>Developer Information</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Big Picture"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer.bigpic"></a>Big Picture</h3></div></div></div><p>The profile mode headers are included with
|
||||
<code class="code">-D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE</code> through preprocessor directives in
|
||||
<code class="code">include/std/*</code>.
|
||||
</p><p>Instrumented implementations are provided in
|
||||
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
|
|||
must ensure (1) that the call is guarded against reentrance and
|
||||
(2) that the call can be turned off at compile time using a
|
||||
<code class="code">-D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_...</code> compiler option.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer.howto"></a>How To Add A Diagnostic</h3></div></div></div><p>Let's say the diagnostic name is "magic".
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="How To Add A Diagnostic"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer.howto"></a>How To Add A Diagnostic</h3></div></div></div><p>Let's say the diagnostic name is "magic".
|
||||
</p><p>If you need to instrument a header not already under
|
||||
<code class="code">include/profile/*</code>, first edit the corresponding header
|
||||
under <code class="code">include/std/</code> and add a preprocessor directive such
|
||||
|
|
@ -36,15 +36,15 @@
|
|||
Hook names must start with <code class="code">__profcxx_</code>.
|
||||
Make sure they transform
|
||||
in no code with <code class="code">-D_NO_GLBICXX_PROFILE_MAGIC</code>.
|
||||
Make sure all calls to any method in namespace <code class="code">__cxxprof_impl</code>
|
||||
Make sure all calls to any method in namespace <code class="code">__gnu_profile</code>
|
||||
is protected against reentrance using macro
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_IMPL_REENTRANCE_GUARD</code>.
|
||||
All names of methods in namespace <code class="code">__cxxprof_impl</code> called from
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_REENTRANCE_GUARD</code>.
|
||||
All names of methods in namespace <code class="code">__gnu_profile</code> called from
|
||||
<code class="code">profiler.h</code> must start with <code class="code">__trace_magic_</code>.
|
||||
</p><p>Add the implementation of the diagnostic.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Create new file <code class="code">include/profile/impl/profiler_magic.h</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Define class <code class="code">__magic_info: public __object_info_base</code>.
|
||||
This is the representation of a line in the object table.
|
||||
The <code class="code">__merge</code> method is used to aggregate information
|
||||
|
|
@ -53,10 +53,10 @@
|
|||
as a number of small operations, e.g., number of words copied.
|
||||
The <code class="code">__write</code> method is used to produce the raw trace.
|
||||
The <code class="code">__advice</code> method is used to produce the advice string.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Define class <code class="code">__magic_stack_info: public __magic_info</code>.
|
||||
This defines the content of a line in the stack table.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Define class <code class="code">__trace_magic: public __trace_base<__magic_info,
|
||||
__magic_stack_info></code>.
|
||||
It defines the content of the trace associated with this diagnostic.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Diagnostics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , profile " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html" title="Developer Information" /><link rel="next" href="ext_allocators.html" title="Chapter 33. Allocators" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Diagnostics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_allocators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.diagnostics"></a>Diagnostics</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Diagnostics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , profile " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html" title="Developer Information" /><link rel="next" href="ext_allocators.html" title="Chapter 33. Allocators" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Diagnostics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s06.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 32. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_allocators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Diagnostics"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.diagnostics"></a>Diagnostics</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The table below presents all the diagnostics we intend to implement.
|
||||
Each diagnostic has a corresponding compile time switch
|
||||
<code class="code">-D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_<diagnostic></code>.
|
||||
|
|
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
|
|||
A high accuracy means that the diagnostic is unlikely to be wrong.
|
||||
These grades are not perfect. They are just meant to guide users with
|
||||
specific needs or time budgets.
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id521055"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 32.2. Diagnostics</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Diagnostics" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Group</th><th align="left">Flag</th><th align="left">Benefit</th><th align="left">Cost</th><th align="left">Freq.</th><th align="left">Implemented</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.containers" target="_top">
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id447842"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 32.2. Diagnostics</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Diagnostics" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Group</th><th align="left">Flag</th><th align="left">Benefit</th><th align="left">Cost</th><th align="left">Freq.</th><th align="left">Implemented</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.containers" target="_top">
|
||||
CONTAINERS</a></td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.hashtable_too_small" target="_top">
|
||||
HASHTABLE_TOO_SMALL</a></td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">yes</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.hashtable_too_large" target="_top">
|
||||
HASHTABLE_TOO_LARGE</a></td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left">1</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">yes</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.inefficient_hash" target="_top">
|
||||
|
|
@ -35,44 +35,44 @@
|
|||
LOCALITY</a></td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality.sw_prefetch" target="_top">
|
||||
SOFTWARE_PREFETCH</a></td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left">no</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality.linked" target="_top">
|
||||
RBTREE_LOCALITY</a></td><td align="left">4</td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">5</td><td align="left">no</td></tr><tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="#manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.mthread.false_share" target="_top">
|
||||
FALSE_SHARING</a></td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">no</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.template"></a>Diagnostic Template</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
FALSE_SHARING</a></td><td align="left">8</td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">10</td><td align="left">no</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><div class="sect2" title="Diagnostic Template"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.template"></a>Diagnostic Template</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_<diagnostic></code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> What problem will it diagnose?
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>.
|
||||
What is the fundamental reason why this is a problem</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> What problem will it diagnose?
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>.
|
||||
What is the fundamental reason why this is a problem</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>
|
||||
Percentage reduction in execution time. When reduction is more than
|
||||
a constant factor, describe the reduction rate formula.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
|
||||
What would the advise look like?</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
|
||||
What stdlibc++ components need to be instrumented?</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
How do we decide when to issue the advice?</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
How do we measure benefits? Math goes here.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
|
||||
What would the advise look like?</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
|
||||
What stdlibc++ components need to be instrumented?</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
How do we decide when to issue the advice?</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
How do we measure benefits? Math goes here.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
program code
|
||||
...
|
||||
advice sample
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.containers"></a>Containers</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Containers"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.containers"></a>Containers</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_CONTAINERS</code>.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.hashtable_too_small"></a>Hashtable Too Small</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect3" title="Hashtable Too Small"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.hashtable_too_small"></a>Hashtable Too Small</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_HASHTABLE_TOO_SMALL</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect hashtables with many
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect hashtables with many
|
||||
rehash operations, small construction size and large destruction size.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span> Rehash is very expensive.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span> Rehash is very expensive.
|
||||
Read content, follow chains within bucket, evaluate hash function, place at
|
||||
new location in different order.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span> 36%.
|
||||
new location in different order.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span> 36%.
|
||||
Code similar to example below.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
|
||||
Set initial size to N at construction site S.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">unordered_set, unordered_map</code> constructor, destructor, rehash.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
For each dynamic instance of <code class="code">unordered_[multi]set|map</code>,
|
||||
record initial size and call context of the constructor.
|
||||
Record size increase, if any, after each relevant operation such as insert.
|
||||
Record the estimated rehash cost.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Number of individual rehash operations * cost per rehash.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
Record the estimated rehash cost.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Number of individual rehash operations * cost per rehash.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
1 unordered_set<int> us;
|
||||
2 for (int k = 0; k < 1000000; ++k) {
|
||||
|
|
@ -81,24 +81,24 @@ advice sample
|
|||
|
||||
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing initial unordered_set size from 10 to 1000000 saves 1025530 rehash operations.
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.hashtable_too_large"></a>Hashtable Too Large</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Hashtable Too Large"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.hashtable_too_large"></a>Hashtable Too Large</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_HASHTABLE_TOO_LARGE</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect hashtables which are
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect hashtables which are
|
||||
never filled up because fewer elements than reserved are ever
|
||||
inserted.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span> Save memory, which
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span> Save memory, which
|
||||
is good in itself and may also improve memory reference performance through
|
||||
fewer cache and TLB misses.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span> unknown.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
|
||||
fewer cache and TLB misses.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span> unknown.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
|
||||
Set initial size to N at construction site S.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">unordered_set, unordered_map</code> constructor, destructor, rehash.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
For each dynamic instance of <code class="code">unordered_[multi]set|map</code>,
|
||||
record initial size and call context of the constructor, and correlate it
|
||||
with its size at destruction time.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Number of iteration operations + memory saved.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Number of iteration operations + memory saved.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
1 vector<unordered_set<int>> v(100000, unordered_set<int>(100)) ;
|
||||
2 for (int k = 0; k < 100000; ++k) {
|
||||
|
|
@ -110,25 +110,25 @@ foo.cc:1: advice: Changing initial unordered_set size from 10 to 1000000 saves 1
|
|||
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing initial unordered_set size from 100 to 10 saves N
|
||||
bytes of memory and M iteration steps.
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.inefficient_hash"></a>Inefficient Hash</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Inefficient Hash"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.inefficient_hash"></a>Inefficient Hash</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_INEFFICIENT_HASH</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect hashtables with polarized
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect hashtables with polarized
|
||||
distribution.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span> A non-uniform
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span> A non-uniform
|
||||
distribution may lead to long chains, thus possibly increasing complexity
|
||||
by a factor up to the number of elements.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span> factor up
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span> factor up
|
||||
to container size.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Change hash function
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Change hash function
|
||||
for container built at site S. Distribution score = N. Access score = S.
|
||||
Longest chain = C, in bucket B.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">unordered_set, unordered_map</code> constructor, destructor, [],
|
||||
insert, iterator.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
Count the exact number of link traversals.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Total number of links traversed.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Total number of links traversed.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
class dumb_hash {
|
||||
public:
|
||||
|
|
@ -141,22 +141,22 @@ class dumb_hash {
|
|||
hs.find(i);
|
||||
}
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_too_small"></a>Vector Too Small</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Vector Too Small"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_too_small"></a>Vector Too Small</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_VECTOR_TOO_SMALL</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span>Detect vectors with many
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span>Detect vectors with many
|
||||
resize operations, small construction size and large destruction size..
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>Resizing can be expensive.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>Resizing can be expensive.
|
||||
Copying large amounts of data takes time. Resizing many small vectors may
|
||||
have allocation overhead and affect locality.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>%.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
|
||||
Set initial size to N at construction site S.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
have allocation overhead and affect locality.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>%.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
|
||||
Set initial size to N at construction site S.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
For each dynamic instance of <code class="code">vector</code>,
|
||||
record initial size and call context of the constructor.
|
||||
Record size increase, if any, after each relevant operation such as
|
||||
<code class="code">push_back</code>. Record the estimated resize cost.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Total number of words copied * time to copy a word.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Total number of words copied * time to copy a word.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
1 vector<int> v;
|
||||
2 for (int k = 0; k < 1000000; ++k) {
|
||||
|
|
@ -166,21 +166,21 @@ class dumb_hash {
|
|||
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing initial vector size from 10 to 1000000 saves
|
||||
copying 4000000 bytes and 20 memory allocations and deallocations.
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_too_large"></a>Vector Too Large</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Vector Too Large"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_too_large"></a>Vector Too Large</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_VECTOR_TOO_LARGE</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span>Detect vectors which are
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span>Detect vectors which are
|
||||
never filled up because fewer elements than reserved are ever
|
||||
inserted.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>Save memory, which
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>Save memory, which
|
||||
is good in itself and may also improve memory reference performance through
|
||||
fewer cache and TLB misses.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>%.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
|
||||
Set initial size to N at construction site S.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
fewer cache and TLB misses.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>%.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
|
||||
Set initial size to N at construction site S.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
For each dynamic instance of <code class="code">vector</code>,
|
||||
record initial size and call context of the constructor, and correlate it
|
||||
with its size at destruction time.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Total amount of memory saved.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
with its size at destruction time.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Total amount of memory saved.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
1 vector<vector<int>> v(100000, vector<int>(100)) ;
|
||||
2 for (int k = 0; k < 100000; ++k) {
|
||||
|
|
@ -192,27 +192,27 @@ copying 4000000 bytes and 20 memory allocations and deallocations.
|
|||
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing initial vector size from 100 to 10 saves N
|
||||
bytes of memory and may reduce the number of cache and TLB misses.
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_to_hashtable"></a>Vector to Hashtable</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Vector to Hashtable"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_to_hashtable"></a>Vector to Hashtable</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_VECTOR_TO_HASHTABLE</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect uses of
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect uses of
|
||||
<code class="code">vector</code> that can be substituted with <code class="code">unordered_set</code>
|
||||
to reduce execution time.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
Linear search in a vector is very expensive, whereas searching in a hashtable
|
||||
is very quick.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>factor up
|
||||
is very quick.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>factor up
|
||||
to container size.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>Replace
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>Replace
|
||||
<code class="code">vector</code> with <code class="code">unordered_set</code> at site S.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>
|
||||
operations and access methods.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>
|
||||
operations and access methods.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
For each dynamic instance of <code class="code">vector</code>,
|
||||
record call context of the constructor. Issue the advice only if the
|
||||
only methods called on this <code class="code">vector</code> are <code class="code">push_back</code>,
|
||||
<code class="code">insert</code> and <code class="code">find</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Cost(vector::push_back) + cost(vector::insert) + cost(find, vector) -
|
||||
cost(unordered_set::insert) + cost(unordered_set::find).
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
1 vector<int> v;
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
|
@ -223,24 +223,24 @@ bytes of memory and may reduce the number of cache and TLB misses.
|
|||
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing "vector" to "unordered_set" will save about 500,000
|
||||
comparisons.
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.hashtable_to_vector"></a>Hashtable to Vector</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Hashtable to Vector"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.hashtable_to_vector"></a>Hashtable to Vector</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_HASHTABLE_TO_VECTOR</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect uses of
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect uses of
|
||||
<code class="code">unordered_set</code> that can be substituted with <code class="code">vector</code>
|
||||
to reduce execution time.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
Hashtable iterator is slower than vector iterator.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>95%.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>Replace
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
Hashtable iterator is slower than vector iterator.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>95%.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>Replace
|
||||
<code class="code">unordered_set</code> with <code class="code">vector</code> at site S.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">unordered_set</code>
|
||||
operations and access methods.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">unordered_set</code>
|
||||
operations and access methods.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
For each dynamic instance of <code class="code">unordered_set</code>,
|
||||
record call context of the constructor. Issue the advice only if the
|
||||
number of <code class="code">find</code>, <code class="code">insert</code> and <code class="code">[]</code>
|
||||
operations on this <code class="code">unordered_set</code> are small relative to the
|
||||
number of elements, and methods <code class="code">begin</code> or <code class="code">end</code>
|
||||
are invoked (suggesting iteration).</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Number of .</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
are invoked (suggesting iteration).</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Number of .</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
1 unordered_set<int> us;
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
|
@ -252,27 +252,27 @@ comparisons.
|
|||
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing "unordered_set" to "vector" will save about N
|
||||
indirections and may achieve better data locality.
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_to_list"></a>Vector to List</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Vector to List"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.vector_to_list"></a>Vector to List</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_VECTOR_TO_LIST</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect cases where
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect cases where
|
||||
<code class="code">vector</code> could be substituted with <code class="code">list</code> for
|
||||
better performance.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
Inserting in the middle of a vector is expensive compared to inserting in a
|
||||
list.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>factor up to
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>factor up to
|
||||
container size.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>Replace vector with list
|
||||
at site S.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>
|
||||
operations and access methods.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>Replace vector with list
|
||||
at site S.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>
|
||||
operations and access methods.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
For each dynamic instance of <code class="code">vector</code>,
|
||||
record the call context of the constructor. Record the overhead of each
|
||||
<code class="code">insert</code> operation based on current size and insert position.
|
||||
Report instance with high insertion overhead.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
(Sum(cost(vector::method)) - Sum(cost(list::method)), for
|
||||
method in [push_back, insert, erase])
|
||||
+ (Cost(iterate vector) - Cost(iterate list))</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
+ (Cost(iterate vector) - Cost(iterate list))</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
1 vector<int> v;
|
||||
2 for (int i = 0; i < 10000; ++i) {
|
||||
|
|
@ -282,22 +282,22 @@ indirections and may achieve better data locality.
|
|||
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing "vector" to "list" will save about 5,000,000
|
||||
operations.
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.list_to_vector"></a>List to Vector</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" title="List to Vector"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.list_to_vector"></a>List to Vector</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_LIST_TO_VECTOR</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect cases where
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect cases where
|
||||
<code class="code">list</code> could be substituted with <code class="code">vector</code> for
|
||||
better performance.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
Iterating through a vector is faster than through a list.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>64%.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>Replace list with vector
|
||||
at site S.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>
|
||||
operations and access methods.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>64%.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>Replace list with vector
|
||||
at site S.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span><code class="code">vector</code>
|
||||
operations and access methods.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
Issue the advice if there are no <code class="code">insert</code> operations.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
(Sum(cost(vector::method)) - Sum(cost(list::method)), for
|
||||
method in [push_back, insert, erase])
|
||||
+ (Cost(iterate vector) - Cost(iterate list))</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
+ (Cost(iterate vector) - Cost(iterate list))</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
1 list<int> l;
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
|
@ -309,23 +309,23 @@ operations.
|
|||
foo.cc:1: advice: Changing "list" to "vector" will save about 1000000 indirect
|
||||
memory references.
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.assoc_ord_to_unord"></a>Ordered to Unordered Associative Container</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Ordered to Unordered Associative Container"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.assoc_ord_to_unord"></a>Ordered to Unordered Associative Container</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_ORDERED_TO_UNORDERED</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect cases where ordered
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect cases where ordered
|
||||
associative containers can be replaced with unordered ones.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
Insert and search are quicker in a hashtable than in
|
||||
a red-black tree.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>52%.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
|
||||
Replace set with unordered_set at site S.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
|
||||
a red-black tree.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>52%.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
|
||||
Replace set with unordered_set at site S.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">set</code>, <code class="code">multiset</code>, <code class="code">map</code>,
|
||||
<code class="code">multimap</code> methods.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">multimap</code> methods.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
Issue the advice only if we are not using operator <code class="code">++</code> on any
|
||||
iterator on a particular <code class="code">[multi]set|map</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
(Sum(cost(hashtable::method)) - Sum(cost(rbtree::method)), for
|
||||
method in [insert, erase, find])
|
||||
+ (Cost(iterate hashtable) - Cost(iterate rbtree))</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
+ (Cost(iterate hashtable) - Cost(iterate rbtree))</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
1 set<int> s;
|
||||
2 for (int i = 0; i < 100000; ++i) {
|
||||
|
|
@ -336,43 +336,43 @@ memory references.
|
|||
7 sum += *s.find(i);
|
||||
8 }
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.algorithms"></a>Algorithms</h3></div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Algorithms"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.algorithms"></a>Algorithms</h3></div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_ALGORITHMS</code>.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.algorithms.sort"></a>Sort Algorithm Performance</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect3" title="Sort Algorithm Performance"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.algorithms.sort"></a>Sort Algorithm Performance</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_SORT</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Give measure of sort algorithm
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Give measure of sort algorithm
|
||||
performance based on actual input. For instance, advise Radix Sort over
|
||||
Quick Sort for a particular call context.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
See papers:
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1065944.1065981" target="_top">
|
||||
A framework for adaptive algorithm selection in STAPL</a> and
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/wrapper.jsp?arnumber=4228227" target="_top">
|
||||
Optimizing Sorting with Machine Learning Algorithms</a>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>60%.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Change sort algorithm
|
||||
at site S from X Sort to Y Sort.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> <code class="code">sort</code>
|
||||
algorithm.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>60%.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Change sort algorithm
|
||||
at site S from X Sort to Y Sort.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> <code class="code">sort</code>
|
||||
algorithm.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
Issue the advice if the cost model tells us that another sort algorithm
|
||||
would do better on this input. Requires us to know what algorithm we
|
||||
are using in our sort implementation in release mode.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Runtime(algo) for algo in [radix, quick, merge, ...]</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
are using in our sort implementation in release mode.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Runtime(algo) for algo in [radix, quick, merge, ...]</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality"></a>Data Locality</h3></div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Data Locality"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality"></a>Data Locality</h3></div></div></div><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_LOCALITY</code>.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality.sw_prefetch"></a>Need Software Prefetch</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect3" title="Need Software Prefetch"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality.sw_prefetch"></a>Need Software Prefetch</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_SOFTWARE_PREFETCH</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Discover sequences of indirect
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Discover sequences of indirect
|
||||
memory accesses that are not regular, thus cannot be predicted by
|
||||
hardware prefetchers.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
Indirect references are hard to predict and are very expensive when they
|
||||
miss in caches.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>25%.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Insert prefetch
|
||||
instruction.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> Vector iterator and
|
||||
miss in caches.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>25%.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Insert prefetch
|
||||
instruction.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> Vector iterator and
|
||||
access operator [].
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
First, get cache line size and page size from system.
|
||||
Then record iterator dereference sequences for which the value is a pointer.
|
||||
For each sequence within a container, issue a warning if successive pointer
|
||||
|
|
@ -389,9 +389,9 @@ memory references.
|
|||
created by understanding the capability of the hardware prefetcher.
|
||||
This model could be trained automatically by running a set of synthetic
|
||||
cases.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Total distance between pointer values of successive elements in vectors
|
||||
of pointers.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
of pointers.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
1 int zero = 0;
|
||||
2 vector<int*> v(10000000, &zero);
|
||||
|
|
@ -404,28 +404,28 @@ memory references.
|
|||
|
||||
foo.cc:7: advice: Insert prefetch instruction.
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality.linked"></a>Linked Structure Locality</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Linked Structure Locality"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.locality.linked"></a>Linked Structure Locality</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_RBTREE_LOCALITY</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Give measure of locality of
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Give measure of locality of
|
||||
objects stored in linked structures (lists, red-black trees and hashtables)
|
||||
with respect to their actual traversal patterns.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>Allocation can be tuned
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>Allocation can be tuned
|
||||
to a specific traversal pattern, to result in better data locality.
|
||||
See paper:
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.springerlink.com/content/8085744l00x72662/" target="_top">
|
||||
Custom Memory Allocation for Free</a>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>30%.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>30%.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span>
|
||||
High scatter score N for container built at site S.
|
||||
Consider changing allocation sequence or choosing a structure conscious
|
||||
allocator.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> Methods of all
|
||||
containers using linked structures.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
allocator.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> Methods of all
|
||||
containers using linked structures.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
First, get cache line size and page size from system.
|
||||
Then record the number of successive elements that are on different line
|
||||
or page, for each traversal method such as <code class="code">find</code>. Give advice
|
||||
only if the ratio between this number and the number of total node hops
|
||||
is above a threshold.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Sum(same_cache_line(this,previous))</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
is above a threshold.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Sum(same_cache_line(this,previous))</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
1 set<int> s;
|
||||
2 for (int i = 0; i < 10000000; ++i) {
|
||||
|
|
@ -449,58 +449,58 @@ foo.cc:7: advice: Insert prefetch instruction.
|
|||
foo.cc:5: advice: High scatter score NNN for set built here. Consider changing
|
||||
the allocation sequence or switching to a structure conscious allocator.
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.mthread"></a>Multithreaded Data Access</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Multithreaded Data Access"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.mthread"></a>Multithreaded Data Access</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The diagnostics in this group are not meant to be implemented short term.
|
||||
They require compiler support to know when container elements are written
|
||||
to. Instrumentation can only tell us when elements are referenced.
|
||||
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_MULTITHREADED</code>.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.mthread.ddtest"></a>Data Dependence Violations at Container Level</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect3" title="Data Dependence Violations at Container Level"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.mthread.ddtest"></a>Data Dependence Violations at Container Level</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_DDTEST</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect container elements
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect container elements
|
||||
that are referenced from multiple threads in the parallel region or
|
||||
across parallel regions.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span>
|
||||
Sharing data between threads requires communication and perhaps locking,
|
||||
which may be expensive.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>?%.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Change data
|
||||
distribution or parallel algorithm.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> Container access methods
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>?%.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Change data
|
||||
distribution or parallel algorithm.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> Container access methods
|
||||
and iterators.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
Keep a shadow for each container. Record iterator dereferences and
|
||||
container member accesses. Issue advice for elements referenced by
|
||||
multiple threads.
|
||||
See paper: <a class="ulink" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=207110.207148" target="_top">
|
||||
The LRPD test: speculative run-time parallelization of loops with
|
||||
privatization and reduction parallelization</a>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Number of accesses to elements referenced from multiple threads
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.mthread.false_share"></a>False Sharing</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" title="False Sharing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.mthread.false_share"></a>False Sharing</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_FALSE_SHARING</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect elements in the
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Goal:</em></span> Detect elements in the
|
||||
same container which share a cache line, are written by at least one
|
||||
thread, and accessed by different threads.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span> Under these assumptions,
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Fundamentals:</em></span> Under these assumptions,
|
||||
cache protocols require
|
||||
communication to invalidate lines, which may be expensive.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>68%.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Reorganize container
|
||||
or use padding to avoid false sharing.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> Container access methods
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Sample runtime reduction:</em></span>68%.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Recommendation:</em></span> Reorganize container
|
||||
or use padding to avoid false sharing.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>To instrument:</em></span> Container access methods
|
||||
and iterators.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Analysis:</em></span>
|
||||
First, get the cache line size.
|
||||
For each shared container, record all the associated iterator dereferences
|
||||
and member access methods with the thread id. Compare the address lists
|
||||
across threads to detect references in two different threads to the same
|
||||
cache line. Issue a warning only if the ratio to total references is
|
||||
significant. Do the same for iterator dereference values if they are
|
||||
pointers.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
pointers.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Cost model:</em></span>
|
||||
Number of accesses to same cache line from different threads.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Example:</em></span>
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
1 vector<int> v(2, 0);
|
||||
2 #pragma omp parallel for shared(v, SIZE) schedule(static, 1)
|
||||
|
|
@ -512,7 +512,7 @@ OMP_NUM_THREADS=2 ./a.out
|
|||
foo.cc:1: advice: Change container structure or padding to avoid false
|
||||
sharing in multithreaded access at foo.cc:4. Detected N shared cache lines.
|
||||
</pre><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.statistics"></a>Statistics</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Statistics"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.analysis.statistics"></a>Statistics</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>Switch:</em></span>
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_STATISTICS</code>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>HP/SGI</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 34. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 34. Containers" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch34s03.html" title="Deprecated HP/SGI" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">HP/SGI</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_containers.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 34. Containers</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch34s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.sgi"></a>HP/SGI</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>HP/SGI</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 34. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 34. Containers" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch34s03.html" title="Deprecated HP/SGI" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">HP/SGI</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_containers.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 34. Containers</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch34s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="HP/SGI"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.sgi"></a>HP/SGI</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>A few extensions and nods to backwards-compatibility have been made with
|
||||
containers. Those dealing with older SGI-style allocators are dealt with
|
||||
elsewhere. The remaining ones all deal with bits:
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Deprecated HP/SGI</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 34. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html" title="HP/SGI" /><link rel="next" href="ext_utilities.html" title="Chapter 35. Utilities" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Deprecated HP/SGI</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 34. Containers</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.deprecated_sgi"></a>Deprecated HP/SGI</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Deprecated HP/SGI</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 34. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html" title="HP/SGI" /><link rel="next" href="ext_utilities.html" title="Chapter 35. Utilities" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Deprecated HP/SGI</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 34. Containers</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Deprecated HP/SGI"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.deprecated_sgi"></a>Deprecated HP/SGI</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The SGI hashing classes <code class="classname">hash_set</code> and
|
||||
<code class="classname">hash_set</code> have been deprecated by the
|
||||
unordered_set, unordered_multiset, unordered_map,
|
||||
|
|
@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
|
|||
functions, as well as some extra constructors specifying the number
|
||||
of buckets, etc.
|
||||
</p><p>Why would you want to use a hashing class instead of the
|
||||
“<span class="quote">normal</span>”implementations? Matt Austern writes:
|
||||
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">normal</span>”</span>implementations? Matt Austern writes:
|
||||
</p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>[W]ith a well chosen hash function, hash tables
|
||||
generally provide much better average-case performance than
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 41. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 41. Concurrency" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html" title="Use" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 41. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl"></a>Implementation</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks"></a>Using Builtin Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>The functions for atomic operations described above are either
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 41. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 41. Concurrency" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html" title="Use" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 41. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl"></a>Implementation</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Using Builtin Atomic Functions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks"></a>Using Builtin Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>The functions for atomic operations described above are either
|
||||
implemented via compiler intrinsics (if the underlying host is
|
||||
capable) or by library fallbacks.</p><p>Compiler intrinsics (builtins) are always preferred. However, as
|
||||
the compiler builtins for atomics are not universally implemented,
|
||||
|
|
@ -18,14 +18,14 @@ If builtins are possible for bool-sized integral types,
|
|||
If builtins are possible for int-sized integral types,
|
||||
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_ATOMIC_BUILTINS_4</code> will be defined.
|
||||
</p><p>For the following hosts, intrinsics are enabled by default.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>alpha</p></li><li><p>ia64</p></li><li><p>powerpc</p></li><li><p>s390</p></li></ul></div><p>For others, some form of <code class="code">-march</code> may work. On
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>alpha</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>ia64</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>powerpc</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>s390</p></li></ul></div><p>For others, some form of <code class="code">-march</code> may work. On
|
||||
non-ancient x86 hardware, <code class="code">-march=native</code> usually does the
|
||||
trick.</p><p> For hosts without compiler intrinsics, but with capable
|
||||
hardware, hand-crafted assembly is selected. This is the case for the following hosts:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>cris</p></li><li><p>hppa</p></li><li><p>i386</p></li><li><p>i486</p></li><li><p>m48k</p></li><li><p>mips</p></li><li><p>sparc</p></li></ul></div><p>And for the rest, a simulated atomic lock via pthreads.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>cris</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>hppa</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>i386</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>i486</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>m48k</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>mips</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>sparc</p></li></ul></div><p>And for the rest, a simulated atomic lock via pthreads.
|
||||
</p><p> Detailed information about compiler intrinsics for atomic operations can be found in the GCC <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Atomic-Builtins.html" target="_top"> documentation</a>.
|
||||
</p><p> More details on the library fallbacks from the porting <a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.thread_safety" title="Thread Safety">section</a>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl.thread"></a>Thread Abstraction</h3></div></div></div><p>A thin layer above IEEE 1003.1 (i.e. pthreads) is used to abstract
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Thread Abstraction"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl.thread"></a>Thread Abstraction</h3></div></div></div><p>A thin layer above IEEE 1003.1 (i.e. pthreads) is used to abstract
|
||||
the thread interface for GCC. This layer is called "gthread," and is
|
||||
comprised of one header file that wraps the host's default thread layer with
|
||||
a POSIX-like interface.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Use</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 41. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html" title="Implementation" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Use</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 41. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_contributing.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.use"></a>Use</h2></div></div></div><p>Typical usage of the last two constructs is demonstrated as follows:
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Use</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 41. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html" title="Implementation" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Use</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 41. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_contributing.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Use"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.use"></a>Use</h2></div></div></div><p>Typical usage of the last two constructs is demonstrated as follows:
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
#include <ext/concurrence.h>
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="next" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="extensions.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="next" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="extensions.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
Extensions
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id646774"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id455799"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Here we will make an attempt at describing the non-Standard extensions to
|
||||
the library. Some of these are from SGI's STL, some of these are GNU's,
|
||||
and some just seemed to appear on the doorstep.
|
||||
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Before</em></span> you leap in and use any of these
|
||||
extensions, be aware of two things:
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Non-Standard means exactly that.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
The behavior, and the very
|
||||
|
|
@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ extensions, be aware of two things:
|
|||
revision of C++.) Also, other platforms, other compilers, other
|
||||
versions of g++ or libstdc++ may not recognize these names, or
|
||||
treat them differently, or...
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
You should know how to access these headers properly.
|
||||
</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="extensions.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part XII.
|
||||
Extensions
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Bugs</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="status.html" title="Chapter 1. Status" /><link rel="prev" href="license.html" title="License" /><link rel="next" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Bugs</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="license.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 1. Status</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="setup.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.status.bugs"></a>Bugs</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.bugs.impl"></a>Implementation Bugs</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Bugs</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="status.html" title="Chapter 1. Status" /><link rel="prev" href="license.html" title="License" /><link rel="next" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Bugs</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="license.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 1. Status</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="setup.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Bugs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.status.bugs"></a>Bugs</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Implementation Bugs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.bugs.impl"></a>Implementation Bugs</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Information on known bugs, details on efforts to fix them, and
|
||||
fixed bugs are all available as part of the GCC bug tracking
|
||||
system, <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla" target="_top">bugzilla</a>, with the
|
||||
category set to <code class="literal">libstdc++</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.bugs.iso"></a>Standard Bugs</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
fixed bugs are all available as part of the <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs/" target="_top">GCC bug tracking system</a>,
|
||||
with the category set to <code class="literal">libstdc++</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Standard Bugs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.bugs.iso"></a>Standard Bugs</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Everybody's got issues. Even the C++ Standard Library.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
The Library Working Group, or LWG, is the ISO subcommittee responsible
|
||||
|
|
@ -248,7 +247,7 @@
|
|||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#409" target="_top">409</a>:
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>Closing an fstream should clear the error state</em></span>
|
||||
</span></dt><dd><p>Have <code class="code">open</code> clear the error flags.
|
||||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#431" target="_top">431</a>:
|
||||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-closed.html#431" target="_top">431</a>:
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>Swapping containers with unequal allocators</em></span>
|
||||
</span></dt><dd><p>Implement Option 3, as per N1599.
|
||||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#432" target="_top">432</a>:
|
||||
|
|
@ -286,6 +285,11 @@
|
|||
and Assignable?</em></span>
|
||||
</span></dt><dd><p>In case of input_iterator/output_iterator rely on Assignability of
|
||||
input_iterator' value_type.
|
||||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#539" target="_top">539</a>:
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>partial_sum and adjacent_difference should mention
|
||||
requirements</em></span>
|
||||
</span></dt><dd><p>We were almost doing the right thing, just use std::move
|
||||
in adjacent_difference.
|
||||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#541" target="_top">541</a>:
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>shared_ptr template assignment and void</em></span>
|
||||
</span></dt><dd><p>Add an auto_ptr<void> specialization.
|
||||
|
|
@ -301,7 +305,7 @@
|
|||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#596" target="_top">596</a>:
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>27.8.1.3 Table 112 omits "a+" and "a+b" modes</em></span>
|
||||
</span></dt><dd><p>Add the missing modes to fopen_mode.
|
||||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#630" target="_top">630</a>:
|
||||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#630" target="_top">630</a>:
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>arrays of valarray</em></span>
|
||||
</span></dt><dd><p>Implement the simple resolution.
|
||||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#660" target="_top">660</a>:
|
||||
|
|
@ -317,7 +321,7 @@
|
|||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#695" target="_top">695</a>:
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>ctype<char>::classic_table() not accessible</em></span>
|
||||
</span></dt><dd><p>Make the member functions table and classic_table public.
|
||||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#696" target="_top">696</a>:
|
||||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#696" target="_top">696</a>:
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>istream::operator>>(int&) broken</em></span>
|
||||
</span></dt><dd><p>Implement the straightforward resolution.
|
||||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#761" target="_top">761</a>:
|
||||
|
|
@ -341,4 +345,8 @@
|
|||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#853" target="_top">853</a>:
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>to_string needs updating with zero and one</em></span>
|
||||
</span></dt><dd><p>Update / add the signatures.
|
||||
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#865" target="_top">865</a>:
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>More algorithms that throw away information</em></span>
|
||||
</span></dt><dd><p>The traditional HP / SGI return type and value is blessed
|
||||
by the resolution of the DR.
|
||||
</p></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="license.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="status.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="setup.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">License </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 2. Setup</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>codecvt</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , codecvt " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="facets.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /><link rel="prev" href="facets.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /><link rel="next" href="messages.html" title="messages" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">codecvt</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="facets.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="messages.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.facet.codecvt"></a>codecvt</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>codecvt</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , codecvt " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="facets.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /><link rel="prev" href="facets.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /><link rel="next" href="messages.html" title="messages" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">codecvt</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="facets.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="messages.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="codecvt"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.facet.codecvt"></a>codecvt</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The standard class codecvt attempts to address conversions between
|
||||
different character encoding schemes. In particular, the standard
|
||||
attempts to detail conversions between the implementation-defined wide
|
||||
characters (hereafter referred to as wchar_t) and the standard type
|
||||
char that is so beloved in classic “<span class="quote">C</span>” (which can now be
|
||||
char that is so beloved in classic <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">C</span>”</span> (which can now be
|
||||
referred to as narrow characters.) This document attempts to describe
|
||||
how the GNU libstdc++ implementation deals with the conversion between
|
||||
wide and narrow characters, and also presents a framework for dealing
|
||||
|
|
@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ including Unicode and UTF8. Design issues and requirements are
|
|||
addressed, and examples of correct usage for both the required
|
||||
specializations for wide and narrow characters and the
|
||||
implementation-provided extended functionality are given.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.req"></a>Requirements</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="Requirements"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.req"></a>Requirements</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Around page 425 of the C++ Standard, this charming heading comes into view:
|
||||
</p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
|
||||
22.2.1.5 - Template class codecvt
|
||||
|
|
@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ third template parameter, stateT.</p><p>
|
|||
Two: The required conversions, by specifying mbstate_t as the third
|
||||
template parameter, imply an implementation strategy that is mostly
|
||||
(or wholly) based on the underlying C library, and the functions
|
||||
mcsrtombs and wcsrtombs in particular.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.design"></a>Design</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="codecvt.design.wchar_t_size"></a><span class="type">wchar_t</span> Size</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
mcsrtombs and wcsrtombs in particular.</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Design"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.design"></a>Design</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" title="wchar_t Size"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="codecvt.design.wchar_t_size"></a><span class="type">wchar_t</span> Size</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The simple implementation detail of wchar_t's size seems to
|
||||
repeatedly confound people. Many systems use a two byte,
|
||||
unsigned integral type to represent wide characters, and use an
|
||||
|
|
@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ mcsrtombs and wcsrtombs in particular.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml
|
|||
size for the type wchar_t.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Thus, portable C++ code cannot assume a byte size (or endianness) either.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="codecvt.design.unicode"></a>Support for Unicode</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Support for Unicode"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="codecvt.design.unicode"></a>Support for Unicode</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Probably the most frequently asked question about code conversion
|
||||
is: "So dudes, what's the deal with Unicode strings?"
|
||||
The dude part is optional, but apparently the usefulness of
|
||||
|
|
@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ mcsrtombs and wcsrtombs in particular.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml
|
|||
needed is some kind of generalized type that accounts for the
|
||||
issues that abstract encodings will need. The minimum information
|
||||
that is required includes:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Identifiers for each of the codesets involved in the
|
||||
conversion. For example, using the iconv family of functions
|
||||
from the Single Unix Specification (what used to be called
|
||||
|
|
@ -115,32 +115,32 @@ encodings (i.e. "UCS-2" and "UTF-8") are necessary,
|
|||
although for other,
|
||||
non-iconv implementations a table of enumerated values or some other
|
||||
mechanism may be required.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Maximum length of the identifying string literal.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Some encodings require explicit endian-ness. As such, some kind
|
||||
of endian marker or other byte-order marker will be necessary. See
|
||||
"Footnotes for C/C++ developers" in Haible for more information on
|
||||
UCS-2/Unicode endian issues. (Summary: big endian seems most likely,
|
||||
however implementations, most notably Microsoft, vary.)
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Types representing the conversion state, for conversions involving
|
||||
the machinery in the "C" library, or the conversion descriptor, for
|
||||
conversions using iconv (such as the type iconv_t.) Note that the
|
||||
conversion descriptor encodes more information than a simple encoding
|
||||
state type.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Conversion descriptors for both directions of encoding. (i.e., both
|
||||
UCS-2 to UTF-8 and UTF-8 to UCS-2.)
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Something to indicate if the conversion requested if valid.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Something to represent if the conversion descriptors are valid.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Some way to enforce strict type checking on the internal and
|
||||
external types. As part of this, the size of the internal and
|
||||
external types will need to be known.
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="codecvt.design.issues"></a>Other Issues</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Other Issues"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="codecvt.design.issues"></a>Other Issues</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
In addition, multi-threaded and multi-locale environments also impact
|
||||
the design and requirements for code conversions. In particular, they
|
||||
affect the required specialization codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>
|
||||
|
|
@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ For the required specialization codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> ,
|
|||
conversions are made between the internal character set (always UCS4
|
||||
on GNU/Linux) and whatever the currently selected locale for the
|
||||
LC_CTYPE category implements.
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The two required specializations are implemented as follows:
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">
|
||||
|
|
@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ Definitions for all the required codecvt member functions are provided
|
|||
for this specialization, and usage of codecvt<internal character type,
|
||||
external character type, encoding_state> is consistent with other
|
||||
codecvt usage.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.use"></a>Use</h3></div></div></div><p>A conversions involving string literal.</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Use"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.use"></a>Use</h3></div></div></div><p>A conversions involving string literal.</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
typedef codecvt_base::result result;
|
||||
typedef unsigned short unicode_t;
|
||||
typedef unicode_t int_type;
|
||||
|
|
@ -311,67 +311,67 @@ codecvt usage.
|
|||
VERIFY( !int_traits::compare(i_arr, i_lit, size) );
|
||||
VERIFY( efrom_next == e_lit + size );
|
||||
VERIFY( ito_next == i_arr + size );
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.future"></a>Future</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect2" title="Future"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.future"></a>Future</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
a. things that are sketchy, or remain unimplemented:
|
||||
do_encoding, max_length and length member functions
|
||||
are only weakly implemented. I have no idea how to do
|
||||
this correctly, and in a generic manner. Nathan?
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
b. conversions involving std::string
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="circle"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
how should operators != and == work for string of
|
||||
different/same encoding?
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
what is equal? A byte by byte comparison or an
|
||||
encoding then byte comparison?
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
conversions between narrow, wide, and unicode strings
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
c. conversions involving std::filebuf and std::ostream
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="circle"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
how to initialize the state object in a
|
||||
standards-conformant manner?
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
how to synchronize the "C" and "C++"
|
||||
conversion information?
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
wchar_t/char internal buffers and conversions between
|
||||
internal/external buffers?
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id703118"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography" title="Bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.codecvt.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The GNU C Library"><a id="id450608"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
The GNU C Library
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id644322"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Correspondence"><a id="id463298"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Correspondence
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id644350"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++"><a id="id463327"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id660838"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C"><a id="id476050"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id660857"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The Open Group Base Specifications, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-2004)"><a id="id476068"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
The Open Group Base Specifications, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-2004)
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999
|
||||
The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.unix.org/version3/ieee_std.html" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id686728"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition"><a id="id509125"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. </span><span class="pagenums">Appendix D. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
|
||||
Addison Wesley
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id720408"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales"><a id="id409160"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
|
||||
Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
|
||||
. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Angelika</span> <span class="surname">Langer</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Klaus</span> <span class="surname">Kreft</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
|
||||
Addison Wesley Longman
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id692630"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="A brief description of Normative Addendum 1"><a id="id521729"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
A brief description of Normative Addendum 1
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Clive</span> <span class="surname">Feather</span>. </span><span class="pagenums">Extended Character Sets. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/na1.html" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id617963"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The Unicode HOWTO"><a id="id510891"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
The Unicode HOWTO
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bruno</span> <span class="surname">Haible</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="ftp://ftp.ilog.fr/pub/Users/haible/utf8/Unicode-HOWTO.html" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id681295"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux"><a id="id510919"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
UTF-8 and Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Markus</span> <span class="surname">Khun</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html" target="_top">
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 21. Complex</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /><link rel="prev" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /><link rel="next" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html" title="Chapter 22. Generalized Operations" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 21. Complex</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="numerics.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part X.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 21. Complex</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /><link rel="prev" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /><link rel="next" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html" title="Chapter 22. Generalized Operations" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 21. Complex</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="numerics.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part X.
|
||||
Numerics
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics.complex"></a>Chapter 21. Complex</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="complex.html#numerics.complex.processing">complex Processing</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="numerics.complex.processing"></a>complex Processing</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 21. Complex"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics.complex"></a>Chapter 21. Complex</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="complex.html#numerics.complex.processing">complex Processing</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect1" title="complex Processing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="numerics.complex.processing"></a>complex Processing</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>Using <code class="code">complex<></code> becomes even more comple- er, sorry,
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>complicated</em></span>, with the not-quite-gratuitously-incompatible
|
||||
addition of complex types to the C language. David Tribble has
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Configure</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , configure , options " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="prev" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="next" href="make.html" title="Make" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Configure</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="setup.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="make.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.configure"></a>Configure</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Configure</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , configure , options " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="prev" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="next" href="make.html" title="Make" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Configure</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="setup.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="make.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Configure"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.configure"></a>Configure</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
When configuring libstdc++, you'll have to configure the entire
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>gccsrcdir</em></span> directory. Consider using the
|
||||
toplevel gcc configuration option
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VII. Containers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="messages.html" title="messages" /><link rel="next" href="sequences.html" title="Chapter 16. Sequences" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VII.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VII. Containers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="messages.html" title="messages" /><link rel="next" href="sequences.html" title="Chapter 16. Sequences" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VII.
|
||||
Containers
|
||||
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="messages.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sequences.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.containers"></a>Part VII.
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="messages.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sequences.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" title="Part VII. Containers"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.containers"></a>Part VII.
|
||||
Containers
|
||||
<a id="id644180" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
<a id="id432644" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="sequences.html">16. Sequences</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="sequences.html#containers.sequences.list">list</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sequences.html#sequences.list.size">list::size() is O(n)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="vector.html">vector</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="vector.html#sequences.vector.management">Space Overhead Management</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="associative.html">17. Associative</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="associative.html#containers.associative.insert_hints">Insertion Hints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitset.html">bitset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.size_variable">Size Variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.type_string">Type String</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="containers_and_c.html">18. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="containers_and_c.html#containers.c.vs_array">Containers vs. Arrays</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="messages.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sequences.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">messages </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 16. Sequences</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 18. Interacting with C</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="bitset.html" title="bitset" /><link rel="next" href="iterators.html" title="Part VIII. Iterators" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 18. Interacting with C</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VII.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 18. Interacting with C</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="bitset.html" title="bitset" /><link rel="next" href="iterators.html" title="Part VIII. Iterators" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 18. Interacting with C</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VII.
|
||||
Containers
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.containers.c"></a>Chapter 18. Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="containers_and_c.html#containers.c.vs_array">Containers vs. Arrays</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="containers.c.vs_array"></a>Containers vs. Arrays</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 18. Interacting with C"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.containers.c"></a>Chapter 18. Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="containers_and_c.html#containers.c.vs_array">Containers vs. Arrays</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="Containers vs. Arrays"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="containers.c.vs_array"></a>Containers vs. Arrays</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
You're writing some code and can't decide whether to use builtin
|
||||
arrays or some kind of container. There are compelling reasons
|
||||
to use one of the container classes, but you're afraid that
|
||||
|
|
@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
If your code makes use of the standard algorithms, this isn't as
|
||||
scary as it sounds. The algorithms don't know, nor care, about
|
||||
the kind of “<span class="quote">container</span>” on which they work, since
|
||||
the kind of <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">container</span>”</span> on which they work, since
|
||||
the algorithms are only given endpoints to work with. For the
|
||||
container classes, these are iterators (usually
|
||||
<code class="code">begin()</code> and <code class="code">end()</code>, but not always).
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Debugging Support</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , debug " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /><link rel="prev" href="using_exceptions.html" title="Exceptions" /><link rel="next" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Debugging Support</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_exceptions.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="support.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.debug"></a>Debugging Support</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Debugging Support</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , debug " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /><link rel="prev" href="using_exceptions.html" title="Exceptions" /><link rel="next" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Debugging Support</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_exceptions.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="support.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Debugging Support"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.debug"></a>Debugging Support</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
There are numerous things that can be done to improve the ease with
|
||||
which C++ binaries are debugged when using the GNU tool chain. Here
|
||||
are some of them.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.compiler"></a>Using <span class="command"><strong>g++</strong></span></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="Using g++"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.compiler"></a>Using <span class="command"><strong>g++</strong></span></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Compiler flags determine how debug information is transmitted
|
||||
between compilation and debug or analysis tools.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
|
|||
Many other options are available: please see <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Debugging-Options.html#Debugging%20Options" target="_top">"Options
|
||||
for Debugging Your Program"</a> in Using the GNU Compiler
|
||||
Collection (GCC) for a complete list.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.req"></a>Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Debug Versions of Library Binary Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.req"></a>Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
If you would like debug symbols in libstdc++, there are two ways to
|
||||
build libstdc++ with debug flags. The first is to run make from the
|
||||
toplevel in a freshly-configured tree with
|
||||
|
|
@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
|
|||
</pre><p>
|
||||
This quick and dirty approach is often sufficient for quick
|
||||
debugging tasks, when you cannot or don't want to recompile your
|
||||
application to use the <a class="link" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode">debug mode</a>.</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.memory"></a>Memory Leak Hunting</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
application to use the <a class="link" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode">debug mode</a>.</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Memory Leak Hunting"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.memory"></a>Memory Leak Hunting</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
There are various third party memory tracing and debug utilities
|
||||
that can be used to provide detailed memory allocation information
|
||||
about C++ code. An exhaustive list of tools is not going to be
|
||||
|
|
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
|
|||
up the runtime environment, library, and test file, might be:
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
valgrind -v --num-callers=20 --leak-check=yes --leak-resolution=high --show-reachable=yes a.out
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.gdb"></a>Using <span class="command"><strong>gdb</strong></span></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect2" title="Using gdb"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.gdb"></a>Using <span class="command"><strong>gdb</strong></span></h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Many options are available for gdb itself: please see <a class="ulink" href="http://sources.redhat.com/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb_13.html#SEC125" target="_top">
|
||||
"GDB features for C++" </a> in the gdb documentation. Also
|
||||
|
|
@ -174,16 +174,16 @@
|
|||
on-line versions of the GDB user manual in GDB's homepage, at
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://sourceware.org/gdb/" target="_top"> "GDB: The GNU Project
|
||||
Debugger" </a>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.exceptions"></a>Tracking uncaught exceptions</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Tracking uncaught exceptions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.exceptions"></a>Tracking uncaught exceptions</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The <a class="link" href="verbose_termination.html" title="Verbose Terminate Handler">verbose
|
||||
termination handler</a> gives information about uncaught
|
||||
exceptions which are killing the program. It is described in the
|
||||
linked-to page.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.debug_mode"></a>Debug Mode</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode">Debug Mode</a>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Debug Mode"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.debug_mode"></a>Debug Mode</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode">Debug Mode</a>
|
||||
has compile and run-time checks for many containers.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.compile_time_checks"></a>Compile Time Checking</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks">Compile-Time
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Compile Time Checking"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.compile_time_checks"></a>Compile Time Checking</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks">Compile-Time
|
||||
Checks</a> Extension has compile-time checks for many algorithms.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.profile_mode"></a>Profile-based Performance Analysis</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode">Profile-based
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Profile-based Performance Analysis"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.profile_mode"></a>Profile-based Performance Analysis</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 32. Profile Mode">Profile-based
|
||||
Performance Analysis</a> Extension has performance checks for many
|
||||
algorithms.
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_exceptions.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="using.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="support.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Exceptions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part II.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 30. Debug Mode</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , debug " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html" title="Semantics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 30. Debug Mode</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 30. Debug Mode</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , debug " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html" title="Semantics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 30. Debug Mode</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
Extensions
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode"></a>Chapter 30. Debug Mode</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug_mode.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.mode">Using the Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.specific">Using a Specific Debug Container</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#debug_mode.design.goals">Goals</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#debug_mode.design.methods">Methods</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#debug_mode.design.other">Other Implementations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode.intro"></a>Intro</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode"></a>Chapter 30. Debug Mode</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="debug_mode.html#manual.ext.debug_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.mode">Using the Debug Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s03.html#debug_mode.using.specific">Using a Specific Debug Container</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#debug_mode.design.goals">Goals</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#debug_mode.design.methods">Methods</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html#debug_mode.design.other">Other Implementations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="Intro"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode.intro"></a>Intro</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
By default, libstdc++ is built with efficiency in mind, and
|
||||
therefore performs little or no error checking that is not
|
||||
required by the C++ standard. This means that programs that
|
||||
|
|
@ -20,11 +20,11 @@
|
|||
The libstdc++ debug mode performs checking for many areas of the
|
||||
C++ standard, but the focus is on checking interactions among
|
||||
standard iterators, containers, and algorithms, including:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Safe iterators</em></span>: Iterators keep track of the
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Safe iterators</em></span>: Iterators keep track of the
|
||||
container whose elements they reference, so errors such as
|
||||
incrementing a past-the-end iterator or dereferencing an iterator
|
||||
that points to a container that has been destructed are diagnosed
|
||||
immediately.</p></li><li><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Algorithm preconditions</em></span>: Algorithms attempt to
|
||||
immediately.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Algorithm preconditions</em></span>: Algorithms attempt to
|
||||
validate their input parameters to detect errors as early as
|
||||
possible. For instance, the <code class="code">set_intersection</code>
|
||||
algorithm requires that its iterator
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part III. Diagnostics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="verbose_termination.html" title="Verbose Terminate Handler" /><link rel="next" href="exceptions.html" title="Chapter 7. Exceptions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part III.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part III. Diagnostics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="verbose_termination.html" title="Verbose Terminate Handler" /><link rel="next" href="exceptions.html" title="Chapter 7. Exceptions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part III.
|
||||
Diagnostics
|
||||
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="verbose_termination.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="exceptions.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.diagnostics"></a>Part III.
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="verbose_termination.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="exceptions.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" title="Part III. Diagnostics"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.diagnostics"></a>Part III.
|
||||
Diagnostics
|
||||
<a id="id702920" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
<a id="id481780" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="exceptions.html">7. Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="exceptions.html#manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy">Exception Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Adding Data to Exceptions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt03ch08.html">8. Concept Checking</a></span></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="verbose_termination.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="exceptions.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Verbose Terminate Handler </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 7. Exceptions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Documentation Style</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing" /><link rel="prev" href="source_code_style.html" title="Coding Style" /><link rel="next" href="source_design_notes.html" title="Design Notes" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Documentation Style</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="source_code_style.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix A.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Documentation Style</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing" /><link rel="prev" href="source_code_style.html" title="Coding Style" /><link rel="next" href="source_design_notes.html" title="Design Notes" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Documentation Style</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="source_code_style.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix A.
|
||||
Contributing
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_design_notes.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.doc_style"></a>Documentation Style</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="doc_style.doxygen"></a>Doxygen</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="doxygen.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_design_notes.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Documentation Style"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.doc_style"></a>Documentation Style</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Doxygen"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="doc_style.doxygen"></a>Doxygen</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Prerequisites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="doxygen.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Prerequisite tools are Bash 2.x,
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.doxygen.org/" target="_top">Doxygen</a>, and
|
||||
the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/" target="_top">GNU
|
||||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
|
|||
graphs, the
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.graphviz.org" target="_top">Graphviz</a>
|
||||
package will need to be installed.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="doxygen.rules"></a>Generating the Doxygen Files</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Generating the Doxygen Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="doxygen.rules"></a>Generating the Doxygen Files</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The following Makefile rules run Doxygen to generate HTML
|
||||
docs, XML docs, and the man pages.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@
|
|||
If you wish to tweak the Doxygen settings, do so by editing
|
||||
<code class="filename">doc/doxygen/user.cfg.in</code>. Notes to fellow
|
||||
library hackers are written in triple-# comments.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="doxygen.markup"></a>Markup</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Markup"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="doxygen.markup"></a>Markup</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
In general, libstdc++ files should be formatted according to
|
||||
the rules found in the
|
||||
<a class="link" href="source_code_style.html" title="Coding Style">Coding Standard</a>. Before
|
||||
|
|
@ -43,7 +43,7 @@
|
|||
make sure that the initial formatting is sound.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Adding Doxygen markup to a file (informally called
|
||||
“<span class="quote">doxygenating</span>”) is very simple. The Doxygen manual can be
|
||||
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">doxygenating</span>”</span>) is very simple. The Doxygen manual can be
|
||||
found
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.stack.nl/~dimitri/doxygen/download.html#latestman" target="_top">here</a>.
|
||||
We try to use a very-recent version of Doxygen.
|
||||
|
|
@ -58,14 +58,14 @@
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
These points accompany the first list in section 3.1 of the
|
||||
Doxygen manual:
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>Use the Javadoc style...</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>Use the Javadoc style...</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
...not the Qt style. The intermediate *'s are preferred.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Use the triple-slash style only for one-line comments (the
|
||||
“<span class="quote">brief</span>” mode). Very recent versions of Doxygen permit
|
||||
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">brief</span>”</span> mode). Very recent versions of Doxygen permit
|
||||
full-mode comments in triple-slash blocks, but the
|
||||
formatting still comes out wonky.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
This is disgusting. Don't do this.
|
||||
</p></li></ol></div><p>
|
||||
Use the @-style of commands, not the !-style. Please be
|
||||
|
|
@ -73,24 +73,24 @@
|
|||
time it doesn't matter; doxygen absorbs most whitespace, and
|
||||
both HTML and *roff are agnostic about whitespace. However,
|
||||
in <pre> blocks and @code/@endcode sections, spacing can
|
||||
have “<span class="quote">interesting</span>” effects.
|
||||
have <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">interesting</span>”</span> effects.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Use either kind of grouping, as
|
||||
appropriate. <code class="filename">doxygroups.cc</code> exists for this
|
||||
purpose. See <code class="filename">stl_iterator.h</code> for a good example
|
||||
of the “<span class="quote">other</span>” kind of grouping.
|
||||
of the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">other</span>”</span> kind of grouping.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Please use markup tags like @p and @a when referring to things
|
||||
such as the names of function parameters. Use @e for emphasis
|
||||
when necessary. Use @c to refer to other standard names.
|
||||
(Examples of all these abound in the present code.)
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="doc_style.docbook"></a>Docbook</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="docbook.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Docbook"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="doc_style.docbook"></a>Docbook</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Prerequisites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="docbook.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Editing the DocBook sources requires an XML editor. Many
|
||||
exist: some notable options
|
||||
include <span class="command"><strong>emacs</strong></span>, <span class="application">Kate</span>,
|
||||
or <span class="application">Conglomerate</span>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Some editors support special “<span class="quote">XML Validation</span>”
|
||||
Some editors support special <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">XML Validation</span>”</span>
|
||||
modes that can validate the file as it is
|
||||
produced. Recommended is the <span class="command"><strong>nXML Mode</strong></span>
|
||||
for <span class="command"><strong>emacs</strong></span>.
|
||||
|
|
@ -133,7 +133,7 @@
|
|||
<strong class="userinput"><code>
|
||||
xmllint --noout --valid <code class="filename">xml/index.xml</code>
|
||||
</code></strong>
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="docbook.rules"></a>Generating the DocBook Files</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" title="Generating the DocBook Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="docbook.rules"></a>Generating the DocBook Files</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The following Makefile rules generate (in order): an HTML
|
||||
version of all the documentation, a PDF version of the same, a
|
||||
single XML document, and the result of validating the entire XML
|
||||
|
|
@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ xmllint --noout --valid <code class="filename">xml/index.xml</code>
|
|||
</p><pre class="screen"><strong class="userinput"><code>make doc-xml-single</code></strong></pre><p>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
</p><pre class="screen"><strong class="userinput"><code>make doc-xml-validate</code></strong></pre><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="docbook.examples"></a>File Organization and Basics</h4></div></div></div><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="File Organization and Basics"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="docbook.examples"></a>File Organization and Basics</h4></div></div></div><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>Which files are important</em></span><br />
|
||||
<br />
|
||||
All Docbook files are in the directory<br />
|
||||
|
|
@ -206,16 +206,16 @@ xmllint --noout --valid <code class="filename">xml/index.xml</code>
|
|||
</book><br />
|
||||
<br />
|
||||
</set><br />
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="docbook.markup"></a>Markup By Example</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Markup By Example"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="docbook.markup"></a>Markup By Example</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Complete details on Docbook markup can be found in the DocBook Element
|
||||
Reference, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.docbook.org/tdg/en/html/part2.html" target="_top">online</a>. An
|
||||
incomplete reference for HTML to Docbook conversion is detailed in the
|
||||
table below.
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id740402"></a><p class="title"><b>Table A.1. HTML to Docbook XML markup comparison</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="HTML to Docbook XML markup comparison" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">HTML</th><th align="left">XML</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><p></td><td align="left"><para></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><pre></td><td align="left"><computeroutput>, <programlisting>,
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id414841"></a><p class="title"><b>Table A.1. HTML to Docbook XML markup comparison</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="HTML to Docbook XML markup comparison" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">HTML</th><th align="left">XML</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><p></td><td align="left"><para></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><pre></td><td align="left"><computeroutput>, <programlisting>,
|
||||
<literallayout></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><ul></td><td align="left"><itemizedlist></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><ol></td><td align="left"><orderedlist></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><il></td><td align="left"><listitem></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><dl></td><td align="left"><variablelist></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><dt></td><td align="left"><term></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><dd></td><td align="left"><listitem></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a href=""></td><td align="left"><ulink url=""></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code></td><td align="left"><literal>, <programlisting></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><strong></td><td align="left"><emphasis></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><em></td><td align="left"><emphasis></td></tr><tr><td align="left">"</td><td align="left"><quote></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
|
||||
And examples of detailed markup for which there are no real HTML
|
||||
equivalents are listed in the table below.
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id613462"></a><p class="title"><b>Table A.2. Docbook XML Element Use</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Docbook XML Element Use" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Element</th><th align="left">Use</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><structname></td><td align="left"><structname>char_traits</structname></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><classname></td><td align="left"><classname>string</classname></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><function></td><td align="left">
|
||||
</p><div class="table"><a id="id516730"></a><p class="title"><b>Table A.2. Docbook XML Element Use</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Docbook XML Element Use" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Element</th><th align="left">Use</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><structname></td><td align="left"><structname>char_traits</structname></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><classname></td><td align="left"><classname>string</classname></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><function></td><td align="left">
|
||||
<p><function>clear()</function></p>
|
||||
<p><function>fs.clear()</function></p>
|
||||
</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><type></td><td align="left"><type>long long</type></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><varname></td><td align="left"><varname>fs</varname></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><literal></td><td align="left">
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,28 +1,28 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html" title="NULL" /><link rel="next" href="termination.html" title="Chapter 6. Termination" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html" title="NULL" /><link rel="next" href="termination.html" title="Chapter 6. Termination" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II.
|
||||
Support
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="termination.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.support.memory"></a>Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="termination.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.support.memory"></a>Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
There are six flavors each of <code class="function">new</code> and
|
||||
<code class="function">delete</code>, so make certain that you're using the right
|
||||
ones. Here are quickie descriptions of <code class="function">new</code>:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
single object form, throwing a
|
||||
<code class="classname">bad_alloc</code> on errors; this is what most
|
||||
people are used to using
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Single object "nothrow" form, returning NULL on errors
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Array <code class="function">new</code>, throwing
|
||||
<code class="classname">bad_alloc</code> on errors
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Array nothrow <code class="function">new</code>, returning
|
||||
<code class="constant">NULL</code> on errors
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Placement <code class="function">new</code>, which does nothing (like
|
||||
it's supposed to)
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Placement array <code class="function">new</code>, which also does
|
||||
nothing
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
|
|||
NULL pointer! Nothing happens, by definition. That is not the
|
||||
same thing as deleting a pointer twice.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
By default, if one of the “<span class="quote">throwing <code class="function">new</code>s</span>” can't
|
||||
By default, if one of the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">throwing <code class="function">new</code>s</span>”</span> can't
|
||||
allocate the memory requested, it tosses an instance of a
|
||||
<code class="classname">bad_alloc</code> exception (or, technically, some class derived
|
||||
from it). You can change this by writing your own function (called a
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 7. Exceptions</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="diagnostics.html" title="Part III. Diagnostics" /><link rel="prev" href="diagnostics.html" title="Part III. Diagnostics" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html" title="Adding Data to Exceptions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 7. Exceptions</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="diagnostics.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part III.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 7. Exceptions</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="diagnostics.html" title="Part III. Diagnostics" /><link rel="prev" href="diagnostics.html" title="Part III. Diagnostics" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html" title="Adding Data to Exceptions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 7. Exceptions</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="diagnostics.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part III.
|
||||
Diagnostics
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.diagnostics.exceptions"></a>Chapter 7. Exceptions</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="exceptions.html#manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy">Exception Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Adding Data to Exceptions</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy"></a>Exception Classes</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 7. Exceptions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.diagnostics.exceptions"></a>Chapter 7. Exceptions</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="exceptions.html#manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy">Exception Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Adding Data to Exceptions</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="Exception Classes"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy"></a>Exception Classes</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
All exception objects are defined in one of the standard header
|
||||
files: <code class="filename">exception</code>,
|
||||
<code class="filename">stdexcept</code>, <code class="filename">new</code>, and
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 36. Algorithms</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_utilities.html" title="Chapter 35. Utilities" /><link rel="next" href="ext_numerics.html" title="Chapter 37. Numerics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 36. Algorithms</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_utilities.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 36. Algorithms</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_utilities.html" title="Chapter 35. Utilities" /><link rel="next" href="ext_numerics.html" title="Chapter 37. Numerics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 36. Algorithms</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_utilities.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
Extensions
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.algorithms"></a>Chapter 36. Algorithms</h2></div></div></div><p>25.1.6 (count, count_if) is extended with two more versions of count
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 36. Algorithms"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.algorithms"></a>Chapter 36. Algorithms</h2></div></div></div><p>25.1.6 (count, count_if) is extended with two more versions of count
|
||||
and count_if. The standard versions return their results. The
|
||||
additional signatures return void, but take a final parameter by
|
||||
reference to which they assign their results, e.g.,
|
||||
|
|
@ -15,7 +15,7 @@
|
|||
copy_n (_InputIter first, _Size count, _OutputIter result);</pre><p>which copies the first 'count' elements at 'first' into 'result'.
|
||||
</p><p>25.3 (sorting 'n' heaps 'n' stuff) is extended with some helper
|
||||
predicates. Look in the doxygen-generated pages for notes on these.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">is_heap</code> tests whether or not a range is a heap.</p></li><li><p><code class="code">is_sorted</code> tests whether or not a range is sorted in
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">is_heap</code> tests whether or not a range is a heap.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">is_sorted</code> tests whether or not a range is sorted in
|
||||
nondescending order.</p></li></ul></div><p>25.3.8 (lexicographical_compare) is extended with
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
lexicographical_compare_3way(_InputIter1 first1, _InputIter1 last1,
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 33. Allocators</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html" title="Diagnostics" /><link rel="next" href="bitmap_allocator.html" title="bitmap_allocator" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 33. Allocators</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 33. Allocators</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html" title="Diagnostics" /><link rel="next" href="bitmap_allocator.html" title="bitmap_allocator" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 33. Allocators</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch32s07.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
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||||
Extensions
|
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|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bitmap_allocator.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.allocator"></a>Chapter 33. Allocators</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_allocators.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt">mt_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.example_single">Single Thread Example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.example_multi">Multiple Thread Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html">bitmap_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.allocator.mt"></a>mt_allocator</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.intro"></a>Intro</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bitmap_allocator.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 33. Allocators"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.allocator"></a>Chapter 33. Allocators</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_allocators.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt">mt_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.example_single">Single Thread Example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_allocators.html#allocator.mt.example_multi">Multiple Thread Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html">bitmap_allocator</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitmap_allocator.html#allocator.bitmap.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="mt_allocator"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.allocator.mt"></a>mt_allocator</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="Intro"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.intro"></a>Intro</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The mt allocator [hereinafter referred to simply as "the allocator"]
|
||||
is a fixed size (power of two) allocator that was initially
|
||||
developed specifically to suit the needs of multi threaded
|
||||
|
|
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
The aim of this document is to describe - from an application point of
|
||||
view - the "inner workings" of the allocator.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.design_issues"></a>Design Issues</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.overview"></a>Overview</h4></div></div></div><p> There are three general components to the allocator: a datum
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Design Issues"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.design_issues"></a>Design Issues</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Overview"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.overview"></a>Overview</h4></div></div></div><p> There are three general components to the allocator: a datum
|
||||
describing the characteristics of the memory pool, a policy class
|
||||
containing this pool that links instantiation types to common or
|
||||
individual pools, and a class inheriting from the policy class that is
|
||||
|
|
@ -56,10 +56,10 @@ tuning, for instance.
|
|||
</pre><p> This class has the interface required for standard library allocator
|
||||
classes, namely member functions <code class="code">allocate</code> and
|
||||
<code class="code">deallocate</code>, plus others.
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.tune"></a>Tunable Parameters</h4></div></div></div><p>Certain allocation parameters can be modified, or tuned. There
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Tunable Parameters"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.tune"></a>Tunable Parameters</h4></div></div></div><p>Certain allocation parameters can be modified, or tuned. There
|
||||
exists a nested <code class="code">struct __pool_base::_Tune</code> that contains all
|
||||
these parameters, which include settings for
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>Alignment</p></li><li><p>Maximum bytes before calling <code class="code">::operator new</code> directly</p></li><li><p>Minimum bytes</p></li><li><p>Size of underlying global allocations</p></li><li><p>Maximum number of supported threads</p></li><li><p>Migration of deallocations to the global free list</p></li><li><p>Shunt for global <code class="code">new</code> and <code class="code">delete</code></p></li></ul></div><p>Adjusting parameters for a given instance of an allocator can only
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>Alignment</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Maximum bytes before calling <code class="code">::operator new</code> directly</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Minimum bytes</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Size of underlying global allocations</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Maximum number of supported threads</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Migration of deallocations to the global free list</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Shunt for global <code class="code">new</code> and <code class="code">delete</code></p></li></ul></div><p>Adjusting parameters for a given instance of an allocator can only
|
||||
happen before any allocations take place, when the allocator itself is
|
||||
initialized. For instance:
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
|
|
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ int main()
|
|||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
}
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.init"></a>Initialization</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect3" title="Initialization"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.init"></a>Initialization</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The static variables (pointers to freelists, tuning parameters etc)
|
||||
are initialized as above, or are set to the global defaults.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ The _S_initialize() function:
|
|||
for this specific bin. This only occurs when a number of blocks
|
||||
are grabbed from the global list to a thread specific list or when
|
||||
a thread decides to return some blocks to the global freelist.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.deallocation"></a>Deallocation Notes</h4></div></div></div><p> Notes about deallocation. This allocator does not explicitly
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Deallocation Notes"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.deallocation"></a>Deallocation Notes</h4></div></div></div><p> Notes about deallocation. This allocator does not explicitly
|
||||
release memory. Because of this, memory debugging programs like
|
||||
valgrind or purify may notice leaks: sorry about this
|
||||
inconvenience. Operating systems will reclaim allocated memory at
|
||||
|
|
@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ implementation-specific, and subject to change. For an example of a
|
|||
pool that frees memory, see the following
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/ext/mt_allocator/deallocate_local-6.cc?view=markup" target="_top">
|
||||
example.</a>
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.example_single"></a>Single Thread Example</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Single Thread Example"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.example_single"></a>Single Thread Example</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Let's start by describing how the data on a freelist is laid out in memory.
|
||||
This is the first two blocks in freelist for thread id 3 in bin 3 (8 bytes):
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
|
|
@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ of the global freelist and update the pointer as needed
|
|||
The decision to add deallocated blocks to the front of the freelist was made
|
||||
after a set of performance measurements that showed that this is roughly 10%
|
||||
faster than maintaining a set of "last pointers" as well.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.example_multi"></a>Multiple Thread Example</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Multiple Thread Example"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.example_multi"></a>Multiple Thread Example</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
In the ST example we never used the thread_id variable present in each block.
|
||||
Let's start by explaining the purpose of this in a MT application.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12pr03.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12pr03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
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||||
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||||
Extensions
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="debug_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.compile_checks"></a>Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="debug_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.compile_checks"></a>Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Also known as concept checking.
|
||||
</p><p>In 1999, SGI added <span class="emphasis"><em>concept checkers</em></span> to their implementation
|
||||
of the STL: code which checked the template parameters of
|
||||
instantiated pieces of the STL, in order to insure that the parameters
|
||||
being used met the requirements of the standard. For example,
|
||||
the Standard requires that types passed as template parameters to
|
||||
<code class="code">vector</code> be “<span class="quote">Assignable</span>” (which means what you think
|
||||
<code class="code">vector</code> be <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Assignable</span>”</span> (which means what you think
|
||||
it means). The checking was done during compilation, and none of
|
||||
the code was executed at runtime.
|
||||
</p><p>Unfortunately, the size of the compiler files grew significantly
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 41. Concurrency</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_demangling.html" title="Chapter 40. Demangling" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html" title="Implementation" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 41. Concurrency</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_demangling.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
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|
||||
Extensions
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency"></a>Chapter 41. Concurrency</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.threads">Interface to Locks and Mutexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics">Interface to Atomic Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks">Using Builtin Atomic Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.thread">Thread Abstraction</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html">Use</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.design.threads"></a>Interface to Locks and Mutexes</h3></div></div></div><p>The file <ext/concurrence.h> contains all the higher-level
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 41. Concurrency"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency"></a>Chapter 41. Concurrency</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.threads">Interface to Locks and Mutexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics">Interface to Atomic Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks">Using Builtin Atomic Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch41s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.thread">Thread Abstraction</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch41s03.html">Use</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="Design"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Interface to Locks and Mutexes"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.design.threads"></a>Interface to Locks and Mutexes</h3></div></div></div><p>The file <ext/concurrence.h> contains all the higher-level
|
||||
constructs for playing with threads. In contrast to the atomics layer,
|
||||
the concurrence layer consists largely of types. All types are defined within <code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code>.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ that support multiple threads.)
|
|||
available locking
|
||||
policies: <code class="code">_S_single</code>, <code class="code">_S_mutex</code>,
|
||||
and <code class="code">_S_atomic</code>.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">_S_single</code></p><p>Indicates single-threaded code that does not need locking.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">_S_mutex</code></p><p>Indicates multi-threaded code using thread-layer abstractions.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">_S_atomic</code></p><p>Indicates multi-threaded code using atomic operations.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">_S_single</code></p><p>Indicates single-threaded code that does not need locking.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">_S_mutex</code></p><p>Indicates multi-threaded code using thread-layer abstractions.
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">_S_atomic</code></p><p>Indicates multi-threaded code using atomic operations.
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div><p>The compile-time constant <code class="code">__default_lock_policy</code> is set
|
||||
to one of the three values above, depending on characteristics of the
|
||||
host environment and the current compilation flags.
|
||||
|
|
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ community. This version takes a <code class="code">__mutex</code> reference, and
|
|||
locks it during construction of <code class="code">__scoped_locke</code> and
|
||||
unlocks it during destruction. This is an efficient way of locking
|
||||
critical sections, while retaining exception-safety.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics"></a>Interface to Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Interface to Atomic Functions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics"></a>Interface to Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Two functions and one type form the base of atomic support.
|
||||
</p><p>The type <code class="code">_Atomic_word</code> is a signed integral type
|
||||
supporting atomic operations.
|
||||
|
|
@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ void
|
|||
__atomic_add_dispatch(volatile _Atomic_word*, int);
|
||||
</pre><p>Both of these functions are declared in the header file
|
||||
<ext/atomicity.h>, and are in <code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code>.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">
|
||||
__exchange_and_add_dispatch
|
||||
</code>
|
||||
</p><p>Adds the second argument's value to the first argument. Returns the old value.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">
|
||||
__atomic_add_dispatch
|
||||
</code>
|
||||
|
|
@ -63,11 +63,11 @@ __exchange_and_add_dispatch
|
|||
</code>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Calls through to either of:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">__exchange_and_add</code>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">__exchange_and_add</code>
|
||||
</p><p>Multi-thread version. Inlined if compiler-generated builtin atomics
|
||||
can be used, otherwise resolved at link time to a non-builtin code
|
||||
sequence.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">__exchange_and_add_single</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">__exchange_and_add_single</code>
|
||||
</p><p>Single threaded version. Inlined.</p></li></ul></div><p>However, only <code class="code">__exchange_and_add_dispatch</code>
|
||||
and <code class="code">__atomic_add_dispatch</code> should be used. These functions
|
||||
can be used in a portable manner, regardless of the specific
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 34. Containers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bitmap_allocator.html" title="bitmap_allocator" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html" title="HP/SGI" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 34. Containers</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitmap_allocator.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 34. Containers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bitmap_allocator.html" title="bitmap_allocator" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html" title="HP/SGI" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 34. Containers</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitmap_allocator.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
Extensions
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.containers"></a>Chapter 34. Containers</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_containers.html#manual.ext.containers.pbds">Policy Based Data Structures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html">HP/SGI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch34s03.html">Deprecated HP/SGI</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.pbds"></a>Policy Based Data Structures</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 34. Containers"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.containers"></a>Chapter 34. Containers</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_containers.html#manual.ext.containers.pbds">Policy Based Data Structures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html">HP/SGI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch34s03.html">Deprecated HP/SGI</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect1" title="Policy Based Data Structures"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.pbds"></a>Policy Based Data Structures</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/ext/pb_ds/index.html" target="_top">More details here</a>.
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitmap_allocator.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch34s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">bitmap_allocator </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> HP/SGI</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 40. Demangling</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_io.html" title="Chapter 39. Input and Output" /><link rel="next" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 41. Concurrency" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 40. Demangling</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_io.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 40. Demangling</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_io.html" title="Chapter 39. Input and Output" /><link rel="next" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 41. Concurrency" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 40. Demangling</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_io.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
Extensions
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_concurrency.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.demangle"></a>Chapter 40. Demangling</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_concurrency.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 40. Demangling"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.demangle"></a>Chapter 40. Demangling</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Transforming C++ ABI identifiers (like RTTI symbols) into the
|
||||
original C++ source identifiers is called
|
||||
“<span class="quote">demangling.</span>”
|
||||
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">demangling.</span>”</span>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
If you have read the <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/latest-doxygen/namespaceabi.html" target="_top">source
|
||||
documentation for <code class="code">namespace abi</code></a> then you are
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,41 +1,41 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 39. Input and Output</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_iterators.html" title="Chapter 38. Iterators" /><link rel="next" href="ext_demangling.html" title="Chapter 40. Demangling" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 39. Input and Output</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 39. Input and Output</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_iterators.html" title="Chapter 38. Iterators" /><link rel="next" href="ext_demangling.html" title="Chapter 40. Demangling" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 39. Input and Output</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
Extensions
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_demangling.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.io"></a>Chapter 39. Input and Output</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_io.html#manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived">Derived filebufs</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_demangling.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 39. Input and Output"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.io"></a>Chapter 39. Input and Output</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_io.html#manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived">Derived filebufs</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
|
||||
Extensions allowing <code class="code">filebuf</code>s to be constructed from
|
||||
"C" types like FILE*s and file descriptors.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived"></a>Derived filebufs</h2></div></div></div><p>The v2 library included non-standard extensions to construct
|
||||
</p><div class="sect1" title="Derived filebufs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived"></a>Derived filebufs</h2></div></div></div><p>The v2 library included non-standard extensions to construct
|
||||
<code class="code">std::filebuf</code>s from C stdio types such as
|
||||
<code class="code">FILE*</code>s and POSIX file descriptors.
|
||||
Today the recommended way to use stdio types with libstdc++
|
||||
IOStreams is via the <code class="code">stdio_filebuf</code> class (see below),
|
||||
but earlier releases provided slightly different mechanisms.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>3.0.x <code class="code">filebuf</code>s have another ctor with this signature:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>3.0.x <code class="code">filebuf</code>s have another ctor with this signature:
|
||||
<code class="code">basic_filebuf(__c_file_type*, ios_base::openmode, int_type);
|
||||
</code>
|
||||
This comes in very handy in a number of places, such as
|
||||
attaching Unix sockets, pipes, and anything else which uses file
|
||||
descriptors, into the IOStream buffering classes. The three
|
||||
arguments are as follows:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li><p><code class="code">__c_file_type* F </code>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="circle"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">__c_file_type* F </code>
|
||||
// the __c_file_type typedef usually boils down to stdio's FILE
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">ios_base::openmode M </code>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">ios_base::openmode M </code>
|
||||
// same as all the other uses of openmode
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">int_type B </code>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">int_type B </code>
|
||||
// buffer size, defaults to BUFSIZ if not specified
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
For those wanting to use file descriptors instead of FILE*'s, I
|
||||
invite you to contemplate the mysteries of C's <code class="code">fdopen()</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>In library snapshot 3.0.95 and later, <code class="code">filebuf</code>s bring
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>In library snapshot 3.0.95 and later, <code class="code">filebuf</code>s bring
|
||||
back an old extension: the <code class="code">fd()</code> member function. The
|
||||
integer returned from this function can be used for whatever file
|
||||
descriptors can be used for on your platform. Naturally, the
|
||||
library cannot track what you do on your own with a file descriptor,
|
||||
so if you perform any I/O directly, don't expect the library to be
|
||||
aware of it.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>Beginning with 3.1, the extra <code class="code">filebuf</code> constructor and
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Beginning with 3.1, the extra <code class="code">filebuf</code> constructor and
|
||||
the <code class="code">fd()</code> function were removed from the standard
|
||||
filebuf. Instead, <code class="code"><ext/stdio_filebuf.h></code> contains
|
||||
a derived class called
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 38. Iterators</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_numerics.html" title="Chapter 37. Numerics" /><link rel="next" href="ext_io.html" title="Chapter 39. Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 38. Iterators</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_numerics.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 38. Iterators</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_numerics.html" title="Chapter 37. Numerics" /><link rel="next" href="ext_io.html" title="Chapter 39. Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 38. Iterators</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_numerics.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
Extensions
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.iterators"></a>Chapter 38. Iterators</h2></div></div></div><p>24.3.2 describes <code class="code">struct iterator</code>, which didn't exist in the
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 38. Iterators"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.iterators"></a>Chapter 38. Iterators</h2></div></div></div><p>24.3.2 describes <code class="code">struct iterator</code>, which didn't exist in the
|
||||
original HP STL implementation (the language wasn't rich enough at the
|
||||
time). For backwards compatibility, base classes are provided which
|
||||
declare the same nested typedefs:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>input_iterator</p></li><li><p>output_iterator</p></li><li><p>forward_iterator</p></li><li><p>bidirectional_iterator</p></li><li><p>random_access_iterator</p></li></ul></div><p>24.3.4 describes iterator operation <code class="code">distance</code>, which takes
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>input_iterator</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>output_iterator</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>forward_iterator</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>bidirectional_iterator</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>random_access_iterator</p></li></ul></div><p>24.3.4 describes iterator operation <code class="code">distance</code>, which takes
|
||||
two iterators and returns a result. It is extended by another signature
|
||||
which takes two iterators and a reference to a result. The result is
|
||||
modified, and the function returns nothing.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 37. Numerics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_algorithms.html" title="Chapter 36. Algorithms" /><link rel="next" href="ext_iterators.html" title="Chapter 38. Iterators" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 37. Numerics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 37. Numerics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_algorithms.html" title="Chapter 36. Algorithms" /><link rel="next" href="ext_iterators.html" title="Chapter 38. Iterators" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 37. Numerics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
Extensions
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.numerics"></a>Chapter 37. Numerics</h2></div></div></div><p>26.4, the generalized numeric operations such as accumulate, are extended
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 37. Numerics"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.numerics"></a>Chapter 37. Numerics</h2></div></div></div><p>26.4, the generalized numeric operations such as accumulate, are extended
|
||||
with the following functions:
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
power (x, n);
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,23 +1,23 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 35. Utilities</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch34s03.html" title="Deprecated HP/SGI" /><link rel="next" href="ext_algorithms.html" title="Chapter 36. Algorithms" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 35. Utilities</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch34s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
|
||||
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|
||||
Extensions
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.util"></a>Chapter 35. Utilities</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 35. Utilities"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.util"></a>Chapter 35. Utilities</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The <functional> header contains many additional functors
|
||||
and helper functions, extending section 20.3. They are
|
||||
implemented in the file stl_function.h:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">identity_element</code> for addition and multiplication. *
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>The functor <code class="code">identity</code>, whose <code class="code">operator()</code>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">identity_element</code> for addition and multiplication. *
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The functor <code class="code">identity</code>, whose <code class="code">operator()</code>
|
||||
returns the argument unchanged. *
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>Composition functors <code class="code">unary_function</code> and
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Composition functors <code class="code">unary_function</code> and
|
||||
<code class="code">binary_function</code>, and their helpers <code class="code">compose1</code>
|
||||
and <code class="code">compose2</code>. *
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">select1st</code> and <code class="code">select2nd</code>, to strip pairs. *
|
||||
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">project1st</code> and <code class="code">project2nd</code>. * </p></li><li><p>A set of functors/functions which always return the same result. They
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">select1st</code> and <code class="code">select2nd</code>, to strip pairs. *
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">project1st</code> and <code class="code">project2nd</code>. * </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A set of functors/functions which always return the same result. They
|
||||
are <code class="code">constant_void_fun</code>, <code class="code">constant_binary_fun</code>,
|
||||
<code class="code">constant_unary_fun</code>, <code class="code">constant0</code>,
|
||||
<code class="code">constant1</code>, and <code class="code">constant2</code>. * </p></li><li><p>The class <code class="code">subtractive_rng</code>. * </p></li><li><p>mem_fun adaptor helpers <code class="code">mem_fun1</code> and
|
||||
<code class="code">constant1</code>, and <code class="code">constant2</code>. * </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The class <code class="code">subtractive_rng</code>. * </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>mem_fun adaptor helpers <code class="code">mem_fun1</code> and
|
||||
<code class="code">mem_fun1_ref</code> are provided for backwards compatibility. </p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
20.4.1 can use several different allocators; they are described on the
|
||||
main extensions page.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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|
|
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|
|||
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|
||||
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|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="localization.html" title="Part VI. Localization" /><link rel="prev" href="locales.html" title="Chapter 14. Locales" /><link rel="next" href="codecvt.html" title="codecvt" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="locales.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VI.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="localization.html" title="Part VI. Localization" /><link rel="prev" href="locales.html" title="Chapter 14. Locales" /><link rel="next" href="codecvt.html" title="codecvt" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="locales.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VI.
|
||||
Localization
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="codecvt.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.localization.facet"></a>Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="facets.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.facet.ctype"></a>ctype</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id639240"></a>Specializations</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="codecvt.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.localization.facet"></a>Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="facets.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="ctype"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.facet.ctype"></a>ctype</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Specializations"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id454077"></a>Specializations</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
For the required specialization codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> ,
|
||||
conversions are made between the internal character set (always UCS4
|
||||
on GNU/Linux) and whatever the currently selected locale for the
|
||||
|
|
@ -28,47 +28,47 @@ to wchar_t and wcsrtombs for conversions between wchar_t and char.
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
Neither of these two required specializations deals with Unicode
|
||||
characters.
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.future"></a>Future</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Future"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.future"></a>Future</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
How to deal with the global locale issue?
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
How to deal with different types than char, wchar_t? </p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
How to deal with different types than char, wchar_t? </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Overlap between codecvt/ctype: narrow/widen
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Mask typedef in codecvt_base, argument types in codecvt. what
|
||||
is know about this type?
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Why mask* argument in codecvt?
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Can this be made (more) generic? is there a simple way to
|
||||
straighten out the configure-time mess that is a by-product of
|
||||
this class?
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Get the ctype<wchar_t>::mask stuff under control. Need to
|
||||
make some kind of static table, and not do lookup every time
|
||||
somebody hits the do_is... functions. Too bad we can't just
|
||||
redefine mask for ctype<wchar_t>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Rename abstract base class. See if just smash-overriding is a
|
||||
better approach. Clarify, add sanity to naming.
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id621794"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography" title="Bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The GNU C Library"><a id="id452097"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
The GNU C Library
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id641198"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Correspondence"><a id="id471567"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Correspondence
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id734835"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++"><a id="id471595"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id629980"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C"><a id="id427317"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id629998"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The Open Group Base Specifications, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-2004)"><a id="id427335"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
The Open Group Base Specifications, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-2004)
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999
|
||||
The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.unix.org/version3/ieee_std.html" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id619025"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition"><a id="id424311"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. </span><span class="pagenums">Appendix D. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
|
||||
Addison Wesley
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id637327"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales"><a id="id417496"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
|
||||
Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 27. File Based Streams</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="stringstreams.html" title="Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html" title="Binary Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 27. File Based Streams</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="stringstreams.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 27. File Based Streams</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="stringstreams.html" title="Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html" title="Binary Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 27. File Based Streams</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="stringstreams.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI.
|
||||
Input and Output
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.filestreams"></a>Chapter 27. File Based Streams</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fstreams.html#manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file">Copying a File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file"></a>Copying a File</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 27. File Based Streams"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.filestreams"></a>Chapter 27. File Based Streams</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fstreams.html#manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file">Copying a File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="Copying a File"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file"></a>Copying a File</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>So you want to copy a file quickly and easily, and most important,
|
||||
completely portably. And since this is C++, you have an open
|
||||
ifstream (call it IN) and an open ofstream (call it OUT):
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 9. Functors</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV. Utilities" /><link rel="prev" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV. Utilities" /><link rel="next" href="pairs.html" title="Chapter 10. Pairs" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 9. Functors</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="utilities.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IV.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 9. Functors</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV. Utilities" /><link rel="prev" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV. Utilities" /><link rel="next" href="pairs.html" title="Chapter 10. Pairs" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 9. Functors</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="utilities.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IV.
|
||||
Utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="pairs.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.util.functors"></a>Chapter 9. Functors</h2></div></div></div><p>If you don't know what functors are, you're not alone. Many people
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="pairs.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 9. Functors"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.util.functors"></a>Chapter 9. Functors</h2></div></div></div><p>If you don't know what functors are, you're not alone. Many people
|
||||
get slightly the wrong idea. In the interest of not reinventing
|
||||
the wheel, we will refer you to the introduction to the functor
|
||||
concept written by SGI as part of their STL, in
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,37 +1,37 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 4. Types</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt02pr01.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html" title="Numeric Properties" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 4. Types</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02pr01.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 4. Types</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt02pr01.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html" title="Numeric Properties" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 4. Types</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02pr01.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II.
|
||||
Support
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.support.types"></a>Chapter 4. Types</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fundamental_types.html#manual.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.support.types.fundamental"></a>Fundamental Types</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 4. Types"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.support.types"></a>Chapter 4. Types</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fundamental_types.html#manual.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="Fundamental Types"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.support.types.fundamental"></a>Fundamental Types</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
C++ has the following builtin types:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
char
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
signed char
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
unsigned char
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
signed short
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
signed int
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
signed long
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
unsigned short
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
unsigned int
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
unsigned long
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
bool
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
wchar_t
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
float
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
double
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
long double
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
These fundamental types are always available, without having to
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 22. Generalized Operations</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /><link rel="prev" href="complex.html" title="Chapter 21. Complex" /><link rel="next" href="numerics_and_c.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 22. Generalized Operations</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="complex.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part X.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 22. Generalized Operations</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /><link rel="prev" href="complex.html" title="Chapter 21. Complex" /><link rel="next" href="numerics_and_c.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 22. Generalized Operations</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="complex.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part X.
|
||||
Numerics
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics.generalized_ops"></a>Chapter 22. Generalized Operations</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 22. Generalized Operations"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics.generalized_ops"></a>Chapter 22. Generalized Operations</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>There are four generalized functions in the <numeric> header
|
||||
that follow the same conventions as those in <algorithm>. Each
|
||||
of them is overloaded: one signature for common default operations,
|
||||
and a second for fully general operations. Their names are
|
||||
self-explanatory to anyone who works with numerics on a regular basis:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">accumulate</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">inner_product</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">partial_sum</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">adjacent_difference</code></p></li></ul></div><p>Here is a simple example of the two forms of <code class="code">accumulate</code>.
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">accumulate</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">inner_product</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">partial_sum</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">adjacent_difference</code></p></li></ul></div><p>Here is a simple example of the two forms of <code class="code">accumulate</code>.
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
int ar[50];
|
||||
int someval = somefunction();
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , internals " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="next" href="test.html" title="Test" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_porting.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , internals " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="next" href="test.html" title="Test" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_porting.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B.
|
||||
Porting and Maintenance
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="test.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.internals"></a>Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="test.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.internals"></a>Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><p>This document explains how to port libstdc++ (the GNU C++ library) to
|
||||
a new target.
|
||||
</p><p>In order to make the GNU C++ library (libstdc++) work with a new
|
||||
|
|
@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ works. It is difficult to test the C++ compiler without a working
|
|||
library, but you should at least try some minimal test cases.
|
||||
</p><p>(Note that what we think of as a "target," the library refers to as
|
||||
a "host." The comment at the top of <code class="code">configure.ac</code> explains why.)
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.os"></a>Operating System</h3></div></div></div><p>If you are porting to a new operating system (as opposed to a new chip
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="Operating System"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.os"></a>Operating System</h3></div></div></div><p>If you are porting to a new operating system (as opposed to a new chip
|
||||
using an existing operating system), you will need to create a new
|
||||
directory in the <code class="code">config/os</code> hierarchy. For example, the IRIX
|
||||
configuration files are all in <code class="code">config/os/irix</code>. There is no set
|
||||
|
|
@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ this:
|
|||
#endif
|
||||
</pre><p>We recommend copying an existing <code class="code">os_defines.h</code> to use as a
|
||||
starting point.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.cpu"></a>CPU</h3></div></div></div><p>If you are porting to a new chip (as opposed to a new operating system
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="CPU"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.cpu"></a>CPU</h3></div></div></div><p>If you are porting to a new chip (as opposed to a new operating system
|
||||
running on an existing chip), you will need to create a new directory in the
|
||||
<code class="code">config/cpu</code> hierarchy. Much like the <a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.os" title="Operating System">Operating system</a> setup,
|
||||
there are no strict rules on how to organize the CPU configuration
|
||||
|
|
@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ example, <code class="code">alpha</code>, <code class="code">alphaev5</code>, an
|
|||
</p><p>The <code class="code">cpu_include_dir</code> sets default locations for the files controlling
|
||||
<a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.thread_safety" title="Thread Safety">Thread safety</a> and <a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.numeric_limits" title="Numeric Limits">Numeric limits</a>, if the defaults are not
|
||||
appropriate for your chip.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.char_types"></a>Character Types</h3></div></div></div><p>The library requires that you provide three header files to implement
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Character Types"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.char_types"></a>Character Types</h3></div></div></div><p>The library requires that you provide three header files to implement
|
||||
character classification, analogous to that provided by the C libraries
|
||||
<code class="code"><ctype.h></code> header. You can model these on the files provided in
|
||||
<code class="code">config/os/generic</code>. However, these files will almost
|
||||
|
|
@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ from <code class="code">__low</code> up until <code class="code">__high</code> i
|
|||
++__low;
|
||||
return __low;
|
||||
}
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.thread_safety"></a>Thread Safety</h3></div></div></div><p>The C++ library string functionality requires a couple of atomic
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect2" title="Thread Safety"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.thread_safety"></a>Thread Safety</h3></div></div></div><p>The C++ library string functionality requires a couple of atomic
|
||||
operations to provide thread-safety. If you don't take any special
|
||||
action, the library will use stub versions of these functions that are
|
||||
not thread-safe. They will work fine, unless your applications are
|
||||
|
|
@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ must be equivalent to those provided here, but using atomic operations:
|
|||
{
|
||||
*__mem += __val;
|
||||
}
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.numeric_limits"></a>Numeric Limits</h3></div></div></div><p>The C++ library requires information about the fundamental data types,
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect2" title="Numeric Limits"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.numeric_limits"></a>Numeric Limits</h3></div></div></div><p>The C++ library requires information about the fundamental data types,
|
||||
such as the minimum and maximum representable values of each type.
|
||||
You can define each of these values individually, but it is usually
|
||||
easiest just to indicate how many bits are used in each of the data
|
||||
|
|
@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ same values, you can provide a CPU-specific file instead so that you
|
|||
do not have to provide the same definitions for each operating system.
|
||||
To take that approach, create a new file called <code class="code">cpu_limits.h</code> in
|
||||
your CPU configuration directory (see <a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.cpu" title="CPU">CPU</a>).
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.libtool"></a>Libtool</h3></div></div></div><p>The C++ library is compiled, archived and linked with libtool.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Libtool"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.libtool"></a>Libtool</h3></div></div></div><p>The C++ library is compiled, archived and linked with libtool.
|
||||
Explaining the full workings of libtool is beyond the scope of this
|
||||
document, but there are a few, particular bits that are necessary for
|
||||
porting.
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part XI. Input and Output</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html" title="C99" /><link rel="next" href="iostream_objects.html" title="Chapter 24. Iostream Objects" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part XI.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part XI. Input and Output</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html" title="C99" /><link rel="next" href="iostream_objects.html" title="Chapter 24. Iostream Objects" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part XI.
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||||
Input and Output
|
||||
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iostream_objects.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.io"></a>Part XI.
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iostream_objects.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" title="Part XI. Input and Output"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.io"></a>Part XI.
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||||
Input and Output
|
||||
<a id="id585725" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
<a id="id436023" class="indexterm"></a>
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||||
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="iostream_objects.html">24. Iostream Objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="streambufs.html">25. Stream Buffers</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="streambufs.html#io.streambuf.derived">Derived streambuf Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Buffering</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="stringstreams.html">26. Memory Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="stringstreams.html#manual.io.memstreams.compat">Compatibility With strstream</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="fstreams.html">27. File Based Streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fstreams.html#manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file">Copying a File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="io_and_c.html">28. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="io_and_c.html#manual.io.c.FILE">Using FILE* and file descriptors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Performance</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iostream_objects.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">C99 </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 28. Interacting with C</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html" title="Binary Input and Output" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html" title="Performance" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 28. Interacting with C</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 28. Interacting with C</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html" title="Binary Input and Output" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html" title="Performance" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 28. Interacting with C</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI.
|
||||
Input and Output
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.c"></a>Chapter 28. Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="io_and_c.html#manual.io.c.FILE">Using FILE* and file descriptors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Performance</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.c.FILE"></a>Using FILE* and file descriptors</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 28. Interacting with C"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.c"></a>Chapter 28. Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="io_and_c.html#manual.io.c.FILE">Using FILE* and file descriptors</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch28s02.html">Performance</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="Using FILE* and file descriptors"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.c.FILE"></a>Using FILE* and file descriptors</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
See the <a class="link" href="ext_io.html" title="Chapter 39. Input and Output">extensions</a> for using
|
||||
<span class="type">FILE</span> and <span class="type">file descriptors</span> with
|
||||
<code class="classname">ofstream</code> and
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
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|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="next" href="streambufs.html" title="Chapter 25. Stream Buffers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="io.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /><link rel="next" href="streambufs.html" title="Chapter 25. Stream Buffers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="io.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI.
|
||||
Input and Output
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="streambufs.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.objects"></a>Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</h2></div></div></div><p>To minimize the time you have to wait on the compiler, it's good to
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="streambufs.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 24. Iostream Objects"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.objects"></a>Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</h2></div></div></div><p>To minimize the time you have to wait on the compiler, it's good to
|
||||
only include the headers you really need. Many people simply include
|
||||
<iostream> when they don't need to -- and that can <span class="emphasis"><em>penalize
|
||||
your runtime as well.</em></span> Here are some tips on which header to use
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
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|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
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||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VIII. Iterators</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bitset.html" title="bitset" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VIII.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VIII. Iterators</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bitset.html" title="bitset" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VIII.
|
||||
Iterators
|
||||
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.iterators"></a>Part VIII.
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" title="Part VIII. Iterators"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.iterators"></a>Part VIII.
|
||||
Iterators
|
||||
<a id="id632651" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
<a id="id437851" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html">19. Predefined</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">bitset </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 19. Predefined</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
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|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
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||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>License</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="status.html" title="Chapter 1. Status" /><link rel="prev" href="status.html" title="Chapter 1. Status" /><link rel="next" href="bugs.html" title="Bugs" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">License</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="status.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 1. Status</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bugs.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.status.license"></a>License</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>License</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="status.html" title="Chapter 1. Status" /><link rel="prev" href="status.html" title="Chapter 1. Status" /><link rel="next" href="bugs.html" title="Bugs" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">License</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="status.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 1. Status</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bugs.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="License"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.status.license"></a>License</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
There are two licenses affecting GNU libstdc++: one for the code,
|
||||
and one for the documentation.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
There is a license section in the FAQ regarding common <a class="link" href="../faq.html#faq.license" title="License">questions</a>. If you have more
|
||||
questions, ask the FSF or the <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/lists.html" target="_top">gcc mailing list</a>.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.license.gpl"></a>The Code: GPL</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="The Code: GPL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.license.gpl"></a>The Code: GPL</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The source code is distributed under the <a class="link" href="appendix_gpl.html" title="Appendix D. GNU General Public License version 3">GNU General Public License version 3</a>,
|
||||
with the addition under section 7 of an exception described in
|
||||
the “<span class="quote">GCC Runtime Library Exception, version 3.1</span>”
|
||||
the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">GCC Runtime Library Exception, version 3.1</span>”</span>
|
||||
as follows (or see the file COPYING.RUNTIME):
|
||||
</p><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
|
||||
GCC RUNTIME LIBRARY EXCEPTION<br />
|
||||
|
|
@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ requirements of the license of GCC.<br />
|
|||
</p></div><p>
|
||||
Hopefully that text is self-explanatory. If it isn't, you need to speak
|
||||
to your lawyer, or the Free Software Foundation.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.license.fdl"></a>The Documentation: GPL, FDL</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="The Documentation: GPL, FDL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.license.fdl"></a>The Documentation: GPL, FDL</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The documentation shipped with the library and made available over
|
||||
the web, excluding the pages generated from source comments, are
|
||||
copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, and placed under the
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 14. Locales</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="localization.html" title="Part VI. Localization" /><link rel="prev" href="localization.html" title="Part VI. Localization" /><link rel="next" href="facets.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 14. Locales</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="localization.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VI.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 14. Locales</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="localization.html" title="Part VI. Localization" /><link rel="prev" href="localization.html" title="Part VI. Localization" /><link rel="next" href="facets.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 14. Locales</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="localization.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VI.
|
||||
Localization
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="facets.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.localization.locales"></a>Chapter 14. Locales</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="locales.html#manual.localization.locales.locale">locale</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.locales.locale"></a>locale</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="facets.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 14. Locales"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.localization.locales"></a>Chapter 14. Locales</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="locales.html#manual.localization.locales.locale">locale</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="locale"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.locales.locale"></a>locale</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Describes the basic locale object, including nested
|
||||
classes id, facet, and the reference-counted implementation object,
|
||||
class _Impl.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.req"></a>Requirements</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="Requirements"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.req"></a>Requirements</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Class locale is non-templatized and has two distinct types nested
|
||||
inside of it:
|
||||
</p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
|
||||
|
|
@ -21,11 +21,11 @@ called numpunct is the data objects that can be used to query for the
|
|||
thousands separator is in the German locale.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Literally, a facet is strictly defined:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Containing the following public data member:
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">static locale::id id;</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Derived from another facet:
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">class gnu_codecvt: public std::ctype<user-defined-type></code>
|
||||
|
|
@ -43,14 +43,14 @@ class id
|
|||
</em></span>
|
||||
</p></blockquote></div><p>
|
||||
Provides an index for looking up specific facets.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.design"></a>Design</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Design"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.design"></a>Design</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The major design challenge is fitting an object-orientated and
|
||||
non-global locale design on top of POSIX and other relevant standards,
|
||||
which include the Single Unix (nee X/Open.)
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Because C and earlier versions of POSIX fall down so completely,
|
||||
portability is an issue.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="locale.impl.c"></a>Interacting with "C" locales</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Interacting with "C" locales"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="locale.impl.c"></a>Interacting with "C" locales</h4></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">`locale -a`</code> displays available locales.
|
||||
</p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
af_ZA
|
||||
|
|
@ -351,7 +351,7 @@ zh_HK.utf8
|
|||
zh_TW
|
||||
zh_TW.euctw
|
||||
zh_TW.utf8
|
||||
</pre></blockquote></div></li><li><p>
|
||||
</pre></blockquote></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">`locale`</code> displays environmental variables that
|
||||
impact how locale("") will be deduced.
|
||||
</p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
|
|
@ -380,43 +380,43 @@ global locale" (emphasis Paolo), that is:
|
|||
particular on the working of locale(""), which constructs the locale
|
||||
object from the environment of the running program, that is, in
|
||||
practice, the set of LC_ALL, LANG, etc. variable of the shell.
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.future"></a>Future</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Future"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.future"></a>Future</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Locale initialization: at what point does _S_classic, _S_global
|
||||
get initialized? Can named locales assume this initialization
|
||||
has already taken place?
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Document how named locales error check when filling data
|
||||
members. I.e., a fr_FR locale that doesn't have
|
||||
numpunct::truename(): does it use "true"? Or is it a blank
|
||||
string? What's the convention?
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Explain how locale aliasing happens. When does "de_DE" use "de"
|
||||
information? What is the rule for locales composed of just an
|
||||
ISO language code (say, "de") and locales with both an ISO
|
||||
language code and ISO country code (say, "de_DE").
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
What should non-required facet instantiations do? If the
|
||||
generic implementation is provided, then how to end-users
|
||||
provide specializations?
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id658666"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography" title="Bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="locales.locale.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The GNU C Library"><a id="id508650"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
The GNU C Library
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id679103"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Correspondence"><a id="id448472"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Correspondence
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id635262"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++"><a id="id429400"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id709948"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C"><a id="id429418"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id709967"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The Open Group Base Specifications, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-2004)"><a id="id474897"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
The Open Group Base Specifications, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-2004)
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999
|
||||
The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.unix.org/version3/ieee_std.html" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id618881"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition"><a id="id474924"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. </span><span class="pagenums">Appendix D. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
|
||||
Addison Wesley
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id641063"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales"><a id="id436766"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
|
||||
Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VI. Localization</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html" title="CString (MFC)" /><link rel="next" href="locales.html" title="Chapter 14. Locales" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VI.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VI. Localization</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html" title="CString (MFC)" /><link rel="next" href="locales.html" title="Chapter 14. Locales" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VI.
|
||||
Localization
|
||||
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="locales.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.localization"></a>Part VI.
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="locales.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" title="Part VI. Localization"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.localization"></a>Part VI.
|
||||
Localization
|
||||
<a id="id585411" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
<a id="id423124" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="locales.html">14. Locales</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="locales.html#manual.localization.locales.locale">locale</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="facets.html">15. Facets aka Categories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="facets.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="locales.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">CString (MFC) </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 14. Locales</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Make</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="prev" href="configure.html" title="Configure" /><link rel="next" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Make</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="configure.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.make"></a>Make</h2></div></div></div><p>If you have never done this before, you should read the basic
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Make</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="prev" href="configure.html" title="Configure" /><link rel="next" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Make</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="configure.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="Make"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.make"></a>Make</h2></div></div></div><p>If you have never done this before, you should read the basic
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/" target="_top">GCC Installation
|
||||
Instructions</a> first. Read <span class="emphasis"><em>all of them</em></span>.
|
||||
<span class="emphasis"><em>Twice.</em></span>
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,25 +1,25 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 11. Memory</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV. Utilities" /><link rel="prev" href="pairs.html" title="Chapter 10. Pairs" /><link rel="next" href="auto_ptr.html" title="auto_ptr" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 11. Memory</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pairs.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IV.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 11. Memory</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV. Utilities" /><link rel="prev" href="pairs.html" title="Chapter 10. Pairs" /><link rel="next" href="auto_ptr.html" title="auto_ptr" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 11. Memory</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="pairs.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IV.
|
||||
Utilities
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="auto_ptr.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.util.memory"></a>Chapter 11. Memory</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="memory.html#manual.util.memory.allocator">Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.using">Using a Specific Allocator</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.custom">Custom Allocators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.ext">Extension Allocators</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="auto_ptr.html">auto_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.limitations">Limitations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.using">Use in Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="shared_ptr.html">shared_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.using">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.ack">Acknowledgments</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="auto_ptr.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 11. Memory"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.util.memory"></a>Chapter 11. Memory</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="memory.html#manual.util.memory.allocator">Allocators</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.using">Using a Specific Allocator</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.custom">Custom Allocators</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="memory.html#allocator.ext">Extension Allocators</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="auto_ptr.html">auto_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.limitations">Limitations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="auto_ptr.html#auto_ptr.using">Use in Containers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="shared_ptr.html">shared_ptr</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.design_issues">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.using">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="shared_ptr.html#shared_ptr.ack">Acknowledgments</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
|
||||
Memory contains three general areas. First, function and operator
|
||||
calls via <code class="function">new</code> and <code class="function">delete</code>
|
||||
operator or member function calls. Second, allocation via
|
||||
<code class="classname">allocator</code>. And finally, smart pointer and
|
||||
intelligent pointer abstractions.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.util.memory.allocator"></a>Allocators</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect1" title="Allocators"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.util.memory.allocator"></a>Allocators</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Memory management for Standard Library entities is encapsulated in a
|
||||
class template called <code class="classname">allocator</code>. The
|
||||
<code class="classname">allocator</code> abstraction is used throughout the
|
||||
library in <code class="classname">string</code>, container classes,
|
||||
algorithms, and parts of iostreams. This class, and base classes of
|
||||
it, are the superset of available free store (“<span class="quote">heap</span>”)
|
||||
it, are the superset of available free store (<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">heap</span>”</span>)
|
||||
management classes.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.req"></a>Requirements</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="Requirements"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.req"></a>Requirements</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The C++ standard only gives a few directives in this area:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
When you add elements to a container, and the container must
|
||||
allocate more memory to hold them, the container makes the
|
||||
request via its <span class="type">Allocator</span> template
|
||||
|
|
@ -27,10 +27,10 @@
|
|||
<span class="type">allocator_type</span>. This includes adding chars
|
||||
to the string class, which acts as a regular STL container in
|
||||
this respect.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
The default <span class="type">Allocator</span> argument of every
|
||||
container-of-T is <code class="classname">allocator<T></code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
The interface of the <code class="classname">allocator<T></code> class is
|
||||
extremely simple. It has about 20 public declarations (nested
|
||||
typedefs, member functions, etc), but the two which concern us most
|
||||
|
|
@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
|
|||
<span class="type">T</span>'s to allocate space for, <span class="emphasis"><em>not their
|
||||
total size</em></span>.
|
||||
(This is a simplification; the real signatures use nested typedefs.)
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
The storage is obtained by calling <code class="function">::operator
|
||||
new</code>, but it is unspecified when or how
|
||||
often this function is called. The use of the
|
||||
|
|
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@
|
|||
</p></li></ul></div><p>
|
||||
Complete details cam be found in the C++ standard, look in
|
||||
<code class="constant">[20.4 Memory]</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.design_issues"></a>Design Issues</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Design Issues"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.design_issues"></a>Design Issues</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The easiest way of fulfilling the requirements is to call
|
||||
<code class="function">operator new</code> each time a container needs
|
||||
memory, and to call <code class="function">operator delete</code> each time
|
||||
|
|
@ -93,7 +93,7 @@
|
|||
or loading and unloading shared objects in memory. As such, using
|
||||
caching allocators on systems that do not support
|
||||
<code class="function">abi::__cxa_atexit</code> is not recommended.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id712986"></a>Interface Design</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Interface Design"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id481448"></a>Interface Design</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The only allocator interface that
|
||||
is support is the standard C++ interface. As such, all STL
|
||||
containers have been adjusted, and all external allocators have
|
||||
|
|
@ -106,7 +106,7 @@
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
The base class that <code class="classname">allocator</code> is derived from
|
||||
may not be user-configurable.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id629278"></a>Selecting Default Allocation Policy</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Selecting Default Allocation Policy"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id522854"></a>Selecting Default Allocation Policy</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
It's difficult to pick an allocation strategy that will provide
|
||||
maximum utility, without excessively penalizing some behavior. In
|
||||
fact, it's difficult just deciding which typical actions to measure
|
||||
|
|
@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
Three synthetic benchmarks have been created that provide data
|
||||
that is used to compare different C++ allocators. These tests are:
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Insertion.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Over multiple iterations, various STL container
|
||||
|
|
@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
|
|||
Test source for <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/23_containers/insert/sequence.cc?view=markup" target="_top">sequence</a>
|
||||
and <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/23_containers/insert/associative.cc?view=markup" target="_top">associative</a>
|
||||
containers.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Insertion and erasure in a multi-threaded environment.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
This test shows the ability of the allocator to reclaim memory
|
||||
|
|
@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
|
|||
for memory resources.
|
||||
Test source
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/viewcvs/trunk/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/testsuite/performance/23_containers/insert_erase/associative.cc?view=markup" target="_top">here</a>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
A threaded producer/consumer model.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Test source for
|
||||
|
|
@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
|
|||
The current default choice for
|
||||
<code class="classname">allocator</code> is
|
||||
<code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::new_allocator</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id711751"></a>Disabling Memory Caching</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="Disabling Memory Caching"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id496610"></a>Disabling Memory Caching</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
In use, <code class="classname">allocator</code> may allocate and
|
||||
deallocate using implementation-specified strategies and
|
||||
heuristics. Because of this, every call to an allocator object's
|
||||
|
|
@ -179,7 +179,7 @@
|
|||
environment, it likely means that you linked against objects
|
||||
built against the older library (objects which might still using the
|
||||
cached allocations...).
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.using"></a>Using a Specific Allocator</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Using a Specific Allocator"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.using"></a>Using a Specific Allocator</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
You can specify different memory management schemes on a
|
||||
per-container basis, by overriding the default
|
||||
<span class="type">Allocator</span> template parameter. For example, an easy
|
||||
|
|
@ -190,7 +190,7 @@
|
|||
Likewise, a debugging form of whichever allocator is currently in use:
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
std::deque <int, __gnu_cxx::debug_allocator<std::allocator<int> > > debug_deque;
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.custom"></a>Custom Allocators</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect2" title="Custom Allocators"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.custom"></a>Custom Allocators</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Writing a portable C++ allocator would dictate that the interface
|
||||
would look much like the one specified for
|
||||
<code class="classname">allocator</code>. Additional member functions, but
|
||||
|
|
@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
|
|||
Probably the best place to start would be to copy one of the
|
||||
extension allocators: say a simple one like
|
||||
<code class="classname">new_allocator</code>.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.ext"></a>Extension Allocators</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Extension Allocators"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.ext"></a>Extension Allocators</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
Several other allocators are provided as part of this
|
||||
implementation. The location of the extension allocators and their
|
||||
names have changed, but in all cases, functionality is
|
||||
|
|
@ -209,12 +209,12 @@
|
|||
chart to track the changes.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
More details on each of these extension allocators follows.
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="classname">new_allocator</code>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Simply wraps <code class="function">::operator new</code>
|
||||
and <code class="function">::operator delete</code>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="classname">malloc_allocator</code>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Simply wraps <code class="function">malloc</code> and
|
||||
|
|
@ -222,7 +222,7 @@
|
|||
out-of-memory handler (for
|
||||
<code class="function">new</code>/<code class="function">delete</code> this is
|
||||
taken care of elsewhere).
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="classname">array_allocator</code>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Allows allocations of known and fixed sizes using existing
|
||||
|
|
@ -235,7 +235,7 @@
|
|||
allows the use of STL abstractions without runtime
|
||||
complications or overhead, even in situations such as program
|
||||
startup. For usage examples, please consult the testsuite.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="classname">debug_allocator</code>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
A wrapper around an arbitrary allocator A. It passes on
|
||||
|
|
@ -244,13 +244,13 @@
|
|||
to <code class="function">deallocate()</code>, the stored size is
|
||||
checked, and <code class="function">assert()</code> is used to
|
||||
guarantee they match.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="classname">throw_allocator</code>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Includes memory tracking and marking abilities as well as hooks for
|
||||
throwing exceptions at configurable intervals (including random,
|
||||
all, none).
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="classname">__pool_alloc</code>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
A high-performance, single pool allocator. The reusable
|
||||
|
|
@ -296,23 +296,23 @@
|
|||
(Note that the GCC thread abstraction layer allows us to provide
|
||||
safe zero-overhead stubs for the threading routines, if threads
|
||||
were disabled at configuration time.)
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="classname">__mt_alloc</code>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
A high-performance fixed-size allocator with
|
||||
exponentially-increasing allocations. It has its own
|
||||
documentation, found <a class="link" href="ext_allocators.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt" title="mt_allocator">here</a>.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
<code class="classname">bitmap_allocator</code>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
A high-performance allocator that uses a bit-map to keep track
|
||||
of the used and unused memory locations. It has its own
|
||||
documentation, found <a class="link" href="bitmap_allocator.html" title="bitmap_allocator">here</a>.
|
||||
</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id710951"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="bibliography" title="Bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry" title="ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++"><a id="id431127"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
|
||||
</i>. </span>
|
||||
isoc++_1998
|
||||
<span class="pagenums">20.4 Memory. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id710966"></a><p><span class="title"><i>The Standard Librarian: What Are Allocators Good
|
||||
<span class="pagenums">20.4 Memory. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The Standard Librarian: What Are Allocators Good"><a id="id431142"></a><p><span class="title"><i>The Standard Librarian: What Are Allocators Good
|
||||
</i>. </span>
|
||||
austernm
|
||||
<span class="author"><span class="firstname">Matt</span> <span class="surname">Austern</span>. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
|
||||
|
|
@ -320,28 +320,28 @@
|
|||
. </span></span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.cuj.com/documents/s=8000/cujcexp1812austern/" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id644430"></a><p><span class="title"><i>The Hoard Memory Allocator</i>. </span>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The Hoard Memory Allocator"><a id="id413862"></a><p><span class="title"><i>The Hoard Memory Allocator</i>. </span>
|
||||
emeryb
|
||||
<span class="author"><span class="firstname">Emery</span> <span class="surname">Berger</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.cs.umass.edu/~emery/hoard/" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id689922"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Reconsidering Custom Memory Allocation</i>. </span>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Reconsidering Custom Memory Allocation"><a id="id499755"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Reconsidering Custom Memory Allocation</i>. </span>
|
||||
bergerzorn
|
||||
<span class="author"><span class="firstname">Emery</span> <span class="surname">Berger</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ben</span> <span class="surname">Zorn</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Kathryn</span> <span class="surname">McKinley</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 OOPSLA. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.cs.umass.edu/~emery/pubs/berger-oopsla2002.pdf" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id709355"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Allocator Types</i>. </span>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Allocator Types"><a id="id434571"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Allocator Types</i>. </span>
|
||||
kreftlanger
|
||||
<span class="author"><span class="firstname">Klaus</span> <span class="surname">Kreft</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Angelika</span> <span class="surname">Langer</span>. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
|
||||
C/C++ Users Journal
|
||||
. </span></span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.langer.camelot.de/Articles/C++Report/Allocators/Allocators.html" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id642689"></a><p><span class="title"><i>The C++ Programming Language</i>. </span>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The C++ Programming Language"><a id="id477417"></a><p><span class="title"><i>The C++ Programming Language</i>. </span>
|
||||
tcpl
|
||||
<span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 . </span><span class="pagenums">19.4 Allocators. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
|
||||
Addison Wesley
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id614194"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Yalloc: A Recycling C++ Allocator</i>. </span>
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Yalloc: A Recycling C++ Allocator"><a id="id425118"></a><p><span class="title"><i>Yalloc: A Recycling C++ Allocator</i>. </span>
|
||||
yenf
|
||||
<span class="author"><span class="firstname">Felix</span> <span class="surname">Yen</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © . </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://home.earthlink.net/~brimar/yalloc/" target="_top">
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>messages</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , messages " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="facets.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /><link rel="prev" href="codecvt.html" title="codecvt" /><link rel="next" href="containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">messages</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="codecvt.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.facet.messages"></a>messages</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>messages</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , messages " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="facets.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /><link rel="prev" href="codecvt.html" title="codecvt" /><link rel="next" href="containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">messages</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="codecvt.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" title="messages"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.facet.messages"></a>messages</h2></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The std::messages facet implements message retrieval functionality
|
||||
equivalent to Java's java.text.MessageFormat .using either GNU gettext
|
||||
or IEEE 1003.1-200 functions.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.req"></a>Requirements</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect2" title="Requirements"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.req"></a>Requirements</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The std::messages facet is probably the most vaguely defined facet in
|
||||
the standard library. It's assumed that this facility was built into
|
||||
the standard library in order to convert string literals from one
|
||||
|
|
@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ be found, returns dfault.
|
|||
-6- Effects: Releases unspecified resources associated with cat.
|
||||
-7- Notes: The limit on such resources, if any, is implementation-defined.
|
||||
</em></span>
|
||||
</p></blockquote></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.design"></a>Design</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></blockquote></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Design"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.design"></a>Design</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
A couple of notes on the standard.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
First, why is <code class="code">messages_base::catalog</code> specified as a typedef
|
||||
|
|
@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ It is implicitly assumed that the locale for the default message
|
|||
string in 'get' is in the "C" locale. Thus, all source code is assumed
|
||||
to be written in English, so translations are always from "en_US" to
|
||||
other, explicitly named locales.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="messages.impl.models"></a>Models</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect2" title="Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" title="Models"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="messages.impl.models"></a>Models</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
This is a relatively simple class, on the face of it. The standard
|
||||
specifies very little in concrete terms, so generic
|
||||
implementations that are conforming yet do very little are the
|
||||
|
|
@ -96,11 +96,11 @@ other, explicitly named locales.
|
|||
</p><p>
|
||||
Three different mechanisms have been provided, selectable via
|
||||
configure flags:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
generic
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
This model does very little, and is what is used by default.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
gnu
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
The gnu model is complete and fully tested. It's based on the
|
||||
|
|
@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ other, explicitly named locales.
|
|||
relatively straight-forward process and is lightly documented
|
||||
below, and fully documented in gettext's distributed
|
||||
documentation.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
ieee_1003.1-200x
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
This is a complete, though untested, implementation based on
|
||||
|
|
@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ A new, standards-conformant non-virtual member function signature was
|
|||
added for 'open' so that a directory could be specified with a given
|
||||
message catalog. This simplifies calling conventions for the gnu
|
||||
model.
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="messages.impl.gnu"></a>The GNU Model</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></div><div class="sect3" title="The GNU Model"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="messages.impl.gnu"></a>The GNU Model</h4></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
The messages facet, because it is retrieving and converting
|
||||
between characters sets, depends on the ctype and perhaps the
|
||||
codecvt facet in a given locale. In addition, underlying "C"
|
||||
|
|
@ -138,38 +138,38 @@ model.
|
|||
Making the message catalogs can be initially tricky, but become
|
||||
quite simple with practice. For complete info, see the gettext
|
||||
documentation. Here's an idea of what is required:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Make a source file with the required string literals that need
|
||||
to be translated. See <code class="code">intl/string_literals.cc</code> for
|
||||
an example.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Make initial catalog (see "4 Making the PO Template File" from
|
||||
the gettext docs).</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code"> xgettext --c++ --debug string_literals.cc -o libstdc++.pot </code>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>Make language and country-specific locale catalogs.</p><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Make language and country-specific locale catalogs.</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">cp libstdc++.pot fr_FR.po</code>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">cp libstdc++.pot de_DE.po</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Edit localized catalogs in emacs so that strings are
|
||||
translated.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">emacs fr_FR.po</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>Make the binary mo files.</p><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Make the binary mo files.</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">msgfmt fr_FR.po -o fr_FR.mo</code>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">msgfmt de_DE.po -o de_DE.mo</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>Copy the binary files into the correct directory structure.</p><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Copy the binary files into the correct directory structure.</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">cp fr_FR.mo (dir)/fr_FR/LC_MESSAGES/libstdc++.mo</code>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">cp de_DE.mo (dir)/de_DE/LC_MESSAGES/libstdc++.mo</code>
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>Use the new message catalogs.</p><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Use the new message catalogs.</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">locale loc_de("de_DE");</code>
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">
|
||||
use_facet<messages<char> >(loc_de).open("libstdc++", locale(), dir);
|
||||
</code>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.use"></a>Use</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="sect2" title="Use"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.use"></a>Use</h3></div></div></div><p>
|
||||
A simple example using the GNU model of message conversion.
|
||||
</p><pre class="programlisting">
|
||||
#include <iostream>
|
||||
|
|
@ -191,9 +191,9 @@ void test01()
|
|||
cout << "thank you in german:" << s02 << '\n';
|
||||
mssg_de.close(cat_de);
|
||||
}
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.future"></a>Future</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
|
||||
</pre></div><div class="sect2" title="Future"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.future"></a>Future</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Things that are sketchy, or remain unimplemented:
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li><p>
|
||||
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="circle"><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
_M_convert_from_char, _M_convert_to_char are in flux,
|
||||
depending on how the library ends up doing character set
|
||||
conversions. It might not be possible to do a real character
|
||||
|
|
@ -201,13 +201,13 @@ void test01()
|
|||
parameter for messages is not enough to instantiate the
|
||||
codecvt facet (1 supplied, need at least 2 but would prefer
|
||||
3).
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
There are issues with gettext needing the global locale set
|
||||
to extract a message. This dependence on the global locale
|
||||
makes the current "gnu" model non MT-safe. Future versions
|
||||
of glibc, i.e. glibc 2.3.x will fix this, and the C++ library
|
||||
bits are already in place.
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
Development versions of the GNU "C" library, glibc 2.3 will allow
|
||||
a more efficient, MT implementation of std::messages, and will
|
||||
allow the removal of the _M_name_messages data member. If this is
|
||||
|
|
@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ void test01()
|
|||
version of the "C" library is released, the marked parts of the
|
||||
messages implementation can be switched over to the new "C"
|
||||
library functionality.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
|
||||
At some point in the near future, std::numpunct will probably use
|
||||
std::messages facilities to implement truename/falsename
|
||||
correctly. This is currently not done, but entries in
|
||||
|
|
@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ void test01()
|
|||
configure/make hassles to make the installed library search its
|
||||
own catalog. Currently the libstdc++.mo catalog is only searched
|
||||
for the testsuite cases involving messages members.
|
||||
</p></li><li><p> The following member functions:</p><p>
|
||||
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p> The following member functions:</p><p>
|
||||
<code class="code">
|
||||
catalog
|
||||
open(const basic_string<char>& __s, const locale& __loc) const
|
||||
|
|
@ -241,38 +241,38 @@ void test01()
|
|||
model. As of this writing, it is unknown how to query to see
|
||||
if a specified message catalog exists using the gettext
|
||||
package.
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id699687"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography" title="Bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The GNU C Library"><a id="id420938"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
The GNU C Library
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling, and 7 Locales and Internationalization
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id622574"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Correspondence"><a id="id500134"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Correspondence
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id630269"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++"><a id="id504300"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id630287"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C"><a id="id504319"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id630306"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="System Interface Definitions, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-200x)"><a id="id504337"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
System Interface Definitions, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-200x)
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999
|
||||
The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.opengroup.org/austin/" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id567615"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition"><a id="id431617"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. </span><span class="pagenums">Appendix D. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
|
||||
Addison Wesley
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id621555"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales"><a id="id413449"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
|
||||
Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
|
||||
. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Angelika</span> <span class="surname">Langer</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Klaus</span> <span class="surname">Kreft</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
|
||||
Addison Wesley Longman
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id646611"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition, v 1.3.1 API Specification"><a id="id507891"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition, v 1.3.1 API Specification
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="pagenums">java.util.Properties, java.text.MessageFormat,
|
||||
java.util.Locale, java.util.ResourceBundle. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
<a class="ulink" href="http://java.sun.com/reference/api/index.html" target="_top">
|
||||
</a>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id682026"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="GNU gettext tools, version 0.10.38, Native Language Support Library and Tools."><a id="id507912"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
GNU gettext tools, version 0.10.38, Native Language Support
|
||||
Library and Tools.
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
|
|||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part X. Numerics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt09ch20.html" title="Chapter 20. Mutating" /><link rel="next" href="complex.html" title="Chapter 21. Complex" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part X.
|
||||
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part X. Numerics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.75.2" /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt09ch20.html" title="Chapter 20. Mutating" /><link rel="next" href="complex.html" title="Chapter 21. Complex" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part X.
|
||||
Numerics
|
||||
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="complex.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics"></a>Part X.
|
||||
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="complex.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" title="Part X. Numerics"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics"></a>Part X.
|
||||
Numerics
|
||||
<a id="id624917" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
<a id="id427052" class="indexterm"></a>
|
||||
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="complex.html">21. Complex</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="complex.html#numerics.complex.processing">complex Processing</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">22. Generalized Operations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="numerics_and_c.html">23. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="numerics_and_c.html#numerics.c.array">Numerics vs. Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">C99</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="complex.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 20. Mutating </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 21. Complex</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics.c"></a>Chapter 23. Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="numerics_and_c.html#numerics.c.array">Numerics vs. Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">C99</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="numerics.c.array"></a>Numerics vs. Arrays</h2></div></div></div><p>One of the major reasons why FORTRAN can chew through numbers so well
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics.c"></a>Chapter 23. Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="numerics_and_c.html#numerics.c.array">Numerics vs. Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">C99</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" title="Numerics vs. Arrays"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="numerics.c.array"></a>Numerics vs. Arrays</h2></div></div></div><p>One of the major reasons why FORTRAN can chew through numbers so well
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Utilities
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="memory.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.util.pairs"></a>Chapter 10. Pairs</h2></div></div></div><p>The <code class="code">pair<T1,T2></code> is a simple and handy way to
|
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="memory.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 10. Pairs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.util.pairs"></a>Chapter 10. Pairs</h2></div></div></div><p>The <code class="code">pair<T1,T2></code> is a simple and handy way to
|
||||
carry around a pair of objects. One is of type T1, and another of
|
||||
type T2; they may be the same type, but you don't get anything
|
||||
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.3" /><meta name="keywords" content=" C++ , library , parallel " /><meta name="keywords" content=" ISO C++ , library " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII. Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html" title="Semantics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch30s04.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII.
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Extensions
|
||||
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode"></a>Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="parallel_mode.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.prereq_flags">Prerequisite Compiler Flags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.parallel_mode">Using Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.specific">Using Specific Parallel Components</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#parallel_mode.design.intro">Interface Basics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#parallel_mode.design.tuning">Configuration and Tuning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#parallel_mode.design.impl">Implementation Namespaces</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="bibliography"><a href="parallel_mode.html#parallel_mode.biblio">Bibliography</a></span></dt></dl></div><p> The libstdc++ parallel mode is an experimental parallel
|
||||
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 31. Parallel Mode"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode"></a>Chapter 31. Parallel Mode</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="parallel_mode.html#manual.ext.parallel_mode.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s02.html">Semantics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html">Using</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.prereq_flags">Prerequisite Compiler Flags</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.parallel_mode">Using Parallel Mode</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s03.html#parallel_mode.using.specific">Using Specific Parallel Components</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#parallel_mode.design.intro">Interface Basics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#parallel_mode.design.tuning">Configuration and Tuning</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html#parallel_mode.design.impl">Implementation Namespaces</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch31s05.html">Testing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="bibliography"><a href="parallel_mode.html#parallel_mode.biblio">Bibliography</a></span></dt></dl></div><p> The libstdc++ parallel mode is an experimental parallel
|
||||
implementation of many algorithms the C++ Standard Library.
|
||||
</p><p>
|
||||
Several of the standard algorithms, for instance
|
||||
|
|
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|
|||
annotations. These parallel mode constructs and can be invoked by
|
||||
explicit source declaration or by compiling existing sources with a
|
||||
specific compiler flag.
|
||||
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.intro"></a>Intro</h2></div></div></div><p>The following library components in the include
|
||||
<code class="filename">numeric</code> are included in the parallel mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="function">std::accumulate</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::adjacent_difference</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::inner_product</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::partial_sum</code></p></li></ul></div><p>The following library components in the include
|
||||
<code class="filename">algorithm</code> are included in the parallel mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="function">std::adjacent_find</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::count</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::count_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::equal</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::find_first_of</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::for_each</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::generate</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::generate_n</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::lexicographical_compare</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::mismatch</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::search</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::search_n</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::transform</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::replace</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::replace_if</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::max_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::merge</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::min_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::nth_element</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::partial_sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::partition</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::random_shuffle</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_union</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_intersection</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_symmetric_difference</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::set_difference</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::stable_sort</code></p></li><li><p><code class="function">std::unique_copy</code></p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h2></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id660222"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
</p><div class="sect1" title="Intro"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.intro"></a>Intro</h2></div></div></div><p>The following library components in the include
|
||||
<code class="filename">numeric</code> are included in the parallel mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::accumulate</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::adjacent_difference</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::inner_product</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::partial_sum</code></p></li></ul></div><p>The following library components in the include
|
||||
<code class="filename">algorithm</code> are included in the parallel mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::adjacent_find</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::count</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::count_if</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::equal</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::find</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::find_if</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::find_first_of</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::for_each</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::generate</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::generate_n</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::lexicographical_compare</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::mismatch</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::search</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::search_n</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::transform</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::replace</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::replace_if</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::max_element</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::merge</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::min_element</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::nth_element</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::partial_sort</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::partition</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::random_shuffle</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::set_union</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::set_intersection</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::set_symmetric_difference</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::set_difference</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::sort</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::stable_sort</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="function">std::unique_copy</code></p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography" title="Bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h2></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry" title="Parallelization of Bulk Operations for STL Dictionaries"><a id="id417661"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
Parallelization of Bulk Operations for STL Dictionaries
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Johannes</span> <span class="surname">Singler</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Leonor</span> <span class="surname">Frias</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 . </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
|
||||
Workshop on Highly Parallel Processing on a Chip (HPPC) 2007. (LNCS)
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id660269"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry" title="The Multi-Core Standard Template Library"><a id="id486148"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
|
||||
The Multi-Core Standard Template Library
|
||||
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Johannes</span> <span class="surname">Singler</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Peter</span> <span class="surname">Sanders</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Felix</span> <span class="surname">Putze</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 . </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
|
||||
Euro-Par 2007: Parallel Processing. (LNCS 4641)
|
||||
|
|
|
|||
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